Social Constructionistic And Evolutionary Psychology

Ever heard a certain song that triggers your brain to recall something from the past. Then, you should know that you been conditioned to respond in a certain way when you hear that favorite song you known about for a long time. Throughout human history behaviorism has played a big role in the evolution of psychology. The three main characters that contributed on to the creation of behaviorism were Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner all helping behaviorism evolution into an important idea in psychology . Overall, behaviorism is very common around the world and being everywhere daily in ads or life situations.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is currently the most frequently used way of standardizing and defining psychological disorders. However, the classification systems such as DSM have advantages and disadvantages. The major weakness of DSM is that it judges symptoms superficially and ignores other possible important factors. The major strength of DSM is that it enables categorization of psychological disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has a number of features. First of all, every disorder is identified using a name and a numerical code. In addition, the manual provides the criteria for diagnosing each disorder as well as establishes subtypes of a disorder and examples that would illustrate the disorder. The manual goes further by addressing the typical age of onset, culturally related information, gender-related information, prevalence of a disorder, typical clinical course of a disorder, typical predisposing factors of a disorder and genetic family patterns of a disease (Summers, 2009). The DSM-IV is a tool that is used by mental health practitioners and social service workers. As has been demonstrated

The DSM is used as a standard of reference for psychological diagnosis. The DSM was originally published in 1952 containing only 106 diagnoses; today the revised DSM-IV-TR contains 365 diagnoses. Throughout the history of the DSM, individuals in the mental health profession have relied on it for clarification of disorders, facilitating research, improving communication with other professionals and improving the collection of clinical information. With a new DSM-V underway, there has been a lot of issues surrounding the contents and classifications of the new DSM. There are

The categorisation of mental illness continues today with 2 main publications, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) created by the World Health Organisation and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by American Psychiatric Association. This form of categorisation facilities the process of medical treatment of the patient, by standardising the referral process between medical practioners and the diagnostic labels are primarily used as a, “convenient shorthand” among professionals and not for lay use”.

The DSM is a classified system used by psychiatrist and other clinical professions in order to diagnose clients and patients who show signs of some type of disorder. The two advantages of using this model or classification system ranges from the validity of an assessment used by clinicians and other health care professionals. Build around the concepts and purposes for the DSM model is that it supports a number of standard assessments of diagnosing different treatment providers. Furthermore, (Comer, J. 2016) suggest that the DSM-5 requires clinicians to provide both categorical and dimensional information which is part of being consistent in diagnosing. From a categorical perspective this refers to the name of a particular category of a disorder which is indicated on behalf of the client’s symptoms. From the dimensional perspective it is a rating of how the client symptoms and the severity of the dysfunction through various dimensions.

The belief that various living organisms emerged from previous organisms throughout the history of the earth can be associated with the term evolution. One can therefore assume that there is a vast likelihood that prehistoric evolutionary processes have a significant impact on human behavior today. This paper hypothesizes that the human mind has information-processing mechanisms that are known as adaptions which have developed over time. It is believed that these adaptions were formed by natural selection in ancestral surroundings and have specialised functions that shape behaviour to allow one to solve specific adaptive challenges. Thus evolutionary psychologists suggest that individuals have what Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John

According to Newsome and Gladding (2014), mental disorders are widespread in the population, thus difficult to assess the amount of people affected. Let alone, they discovered that there are 26.2% of adults aged 18 and older who are overwhelmed by a disorder each year. Also, When considering adults, this statistic renders into one of four adults, therefore 57.7 million adults in the United States. In regards to this, many agencies and insurance companies require counselors to know how to formally diagnosis mental disorders (Newsome & Gladding, 2014, p. 154). Newsome and Gladding (2014) explain when diagnosing a mental disorder, counselors use either informal or formal, which, for example, assist in decision making in whether the client's complication is a developmental issue or a type of pathology (pg 154).

The overall message and core argument this book offers is that the new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-5, will cause an enormous increase of people who are not mentally ill being diagnosed with a mental disorder and receiving unnecessary treatment for it. Allen Frances argues that assigning everyday problems to mental disorders causes massive disadvantages for individuals and society. Diagnosing a healthy person as mentally ill will lead to unnecessary, harmful medications, the constricting of horizons, misallocation of medical recourses, and wasting the budgets of families and the state. He states as well that we do not take responsibility for our own mental well-being. We do not trust our

The main differences between these classification systems include: the ICD focusing on primary care and low- and middle-income countries, while the DCM focuses on secondary psychiatric care in high-income countries; the ICD reducing the number of diagnoses with the focus being on clinical utility, while the DSM increases the number of diagnoses with each revision; and the ICD does not depend on operational criteria but instead provides diagnostic descriptions and guidance, while the DSM uses a polythetic system for most conditions which depends on operational criteria (Tyrer, 2014). These differences result in the latest revisions of these classification systems, the proposed ICD-11 and the DSM-5, diagnosing mental disorders like PTSD differently, with the ICD-11 criteria identifying less individuals than the DSM-5 (Hafstad et al., 2017). Worldwide this raises a challenge for the identification of

Crime is a socially created existence that contains deficiencies of any equitable principles that demarcate into existence rather than being revealed. Social construction means that humans have recognized a phenomenon; characterized and labeling it to some interpretive statute that transcribes the differentiations and likenesses contained by the objects or people while classified. Many categorization patterns are not subjective; otherwise, attempting to make sense of classification would be impossible. Categories have analytical and significant denotations and are utilized to execute the order on the variety of social experiences. Gender, race, and class construct the experiences of all individuals. These facts are extensively acknowledged and ordinarily understood.

Most major psychiatric disorder diagnoses are defined as descriptive syndromes on the basis of expert consensus. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are the standard diagnostic tools used by psychiatrists and clinicians world-wide. Unfortunately, these manuals are classified by clinical agreement and encounter revision every few years. Perpetual revision and increased medicalization of mental disorders also creates a dilemma for diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Diagnostic classification and

Industrialism is one of those of concept that has its good and bad contributions to this nation that people created and developed over time to survive. I believe if we are going to talk about industrialization, we need to connect the concept to Social Darwinism. In A People and A Nation, Norton and authors define Social Darwinism by Charles Darwin’s theory of “survival of the fittest” to the free-market system, arguing that competition would weed out weaker firms and allow stronger fitter firms to thrive” (466). If we look by human development, we can see that humans feed off of progress and to create survival following the wars and great depression. Especially in the technology game, technology of this time brought people telephones, electric

Psychiatric diagnosis can help determine treatment for unexplained behavior. A study by the WPA-WHO Global Survey resulted in over two-thirds of the participants maintained that a diagnostic system based on clinical descriptions is more useful than one based on operational criteria (Maj, 2011). The DSM-IV users endorsing this position was slightly higher than the ICD-10 users (Maj, 2011). This study does support the notion that the diagnostic system can be helpful at times to specific

To study the evolution of human behavior, we must first understand the evolutionary foundation of modern human behavior. Using the knowledge we have about human behavior while observing for patterns that are consistent with evolutionary models. Taking advantage of natural experiments that produce different combinations of variables that can allows us to obtain new approach on human behavior. This chapter will focus on various aspects of human behavior from an evolutionary viewpoint. These involve the “ecology and demography of traditional human societies, patters of human behavior that have been shaped by sexual selection, the interaction between culture and biology in the expression of language, and the emergence of behavioral disease in an