Social Determinant Essay

Akers, R. (2006). Parental and peer influences on adolescent drug use in Korea. Asian Journal of Criminology.

My mother has always told me that certain things should not be done in public. Social norms are opinions and beliefs that are shared amongst a group. Throughout our lives our parents tell us things that aren’t socially acceptable, and that there are consequences for those actions. Those that don’t act in ways that are socially acceptable are isolated from society. Norms help to guide the general public by reinforcing it with a punishment in waiting.

This will explore the role gender, ethnicity, race and socio-economics play in the acquisition, maintenance and experience of health care. A particular focus is the interaction (intersection) between these elements and their effect on awareness, education, active prevention and early detection of cancer, particularly breast cancer in women. Cancer is a disease caused by a mutation and rapid division of cells. Cancer is a general term describing many diseases; essentially there is a wide array of types of cancers. This vast differentiation makes it difficult to combat this disease and similarly the differences among individuals cause the course of this disease to vary greatly, cancer effects people differently. Breast cancer is one of the more well-known forms of cancer and is frequently touched upon or glazed over in discussion. A conversation may start with “I know someone who has or had cancer” but way to often this is where the conversation ends. The discussion on breast cancer needs to expand, to further the spread of information and understanding of the many aspects of this disease. “Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body” (What is Breast cancer). Breast cancer can be found in both male and female populations but it is particularly, prevalent among women, Breast cancer is the most pervasive

Approximately 1 in 6 individuals are Hispanic in the United States, and the population is expected to grow to 1 in 4 by 2035 (CDC, 2015). Given that, Hispanics are the biggest minority group in the US (CDC, 2015). The leading cause of death among the Hispanic population is heart disease and cancer responsible for around 2 out of 5 deaths (CDC, 2015). Hispanics have a 50% greater chance of death resulting from diabetes or liver disease than whites (CDC, 2015). Additionally, there are 3 times as more uninsured Hispanics than whites (CDC, 2015). According to the US average, whites are 15 years older than the Latino population, so prevention will greatly benefit the health of the Latino population (CDC, 2015).

According to genetics and social science research there are striking differences between White and minority populations affected with breast cancer in the U.S. These disparities are likely due to a combination of cultural, environmental and genetic factors that differ between the groups. Historically, scientists have separately explored either the genetic or the social/behavioral contributions to cancer. The research team profiled in this case study takes the position that we cannot effectively grasp the complexity of cancer etiology, nor design appropriate

Declining cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States have continued through the first decade of the twenty-first century. However, Black Americans continue to have the higher cancer mortality rates and shorter survival times. This review discusses and compares only breast and prostate cancer mortality rates and mortality trends for Blacks and Whites. The complex relationship between socioeconomic status and race and its contribution to racial cancer disparities is discussed.

“African Americans have the highest death rate form all cancer sites combined and from malignancies of the lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, female breast, prostate, and cervix of all racial or ethnic groups in the United States (Elizabeth ward, 2004). The health disparities in African Americans and other racial groups are alarming. For this essay I choose to focus on the empirical facts on the disparities between African American women and European American women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and the disparity in mortality rates. Therefore many of the studies I found linked the disparity to race, poverty and environmental factors. American cancer society estimates, that in 2017 there will be 252,710 new breast cancer diagnosis

In the Article Socioeconomic Disparities in Breast Cancer Treatment among Older Women States, “Approximately 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer and 40,500 die from the disease…White women have a higher of this disease than black women. However, black women have a higher mortality than white women (White, et al. 7)”. Breast Cancer is a health disparity to black women because they’re most likely to die from it than white women due to tumor differences. Many woman not only black women die from cancer because they chose not to go through chemotherapy, but According to the article Socioeconomic Disparities in Breast Cancer Treatment Among Older Women says, “Black women with node positive and node negative tumors were 25% and 17% less likely to receive chemotherapy than white women. Black people are more likely to die not only because they don’t receive chemotherapy but because of patient and tumor characteristic, and after adjusting for socioeconomic (White, et al.1)”. Breast Cancer is a huge health disparity to black women because most of them can’t survive with this disease than white

Low income neighborhoods are still witnessing a rising gap in healthcare coverage. For example, patients with diabetes are more likely to undergo limb amputation than those in higher income areas (Pearl, 2015). Also, research has shown the Caucasians women have and overall incidence of breast cancer that is higher than that of African American women (Williams, Mohammed, Leavell, & Collins, 2010). On the contrary there is a higher death rate of breast cancer in African American women than in Caucasians women.

Human beings are defined as ''social animals'' because in every aspects of life they live together, they form a variety of groups and improve relationships with each other. Interaction with others is a natural result of living in society. In the process of interaction, society and its rules has a social impact on each individual. If people face with any kind of social impact such as group pressure, great part of them show conformity by changing their behaviors, ideas, decisions in expected way. A person conforms if he or she chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that is socially acceptable. Some kind of conformity is natural and socially healthy but obeying all the norms, ideas, and decisions without thinking or accepting

There are many health disparities that exist among the Hispanic population. Many of these are chronic conditions that affect the population. Obesity is one of the many examples of conditions that have increased for the Hispanic population. The CDC (2014) states, “The prevalence of obesity among female Mexican American adults during 2007–2010 was larger than the prevalence among female white, non-Hispanic adults during the same years” (p. 1). This is one of the many statistics that show an example of a health disparity in the Hispanic population. Another example of a problem that is prevalent in the Hispanic community is the health promotion and screening rates. The CDC (2014) states, “A smaller percentage of Hispanic adults aged 50-75 years reported being up-to-date with colorectal cancer screening in 2010 than their non-Hispanic adult counterparts”

Some features of an ecological study that limits the interpretations of the findings about the relationship between fast food outlets and socioeconomic status in this study are

The term socialization can be defined as the process in which individuals learn the behavioral patterns that are most likely accepted and tolerated in society. This process includes the learning values in which children are taught and they develop the social values of their parents or guardians just by observing them. Socialization occurs from the birth of the individual and continues throughout their life. Socialization is classified as one of the most important process in the family. Of all the major sociological perspectives, symbolic interactionism has probably developed the most detailed theory of socialization, Haralambos, Holborn. Sociology -

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This semester I enrolled a Biology 101 course with Dr. Smith-Pearson. One of our assignments this semester was an outside of the classroom volunteer project. For this project I was selected to participate in the Tri- Beta Breast Cancer Walk. As a participant, I had to do several things to prepare for the volunteer event including a learning session. During this session, I learned exactly what breast cancer is, the different types, and the main causes. I further learned about breast cancer through a scientific aspect in my biology class. We learned that cancer is when cells are over actively reproduced, which is caused by a mutation in the cell cycle that suppresses our bodies ability to function normally and stop this. Also, we learned about some of the different subtypes of breast cancer like, HER2+ (ER-), Basal-Like (Triple Negative Breast Cancer), Normal-Like, Luminal A, and Luminal B. HER2+ (ER-) breast cancer is less common, but it is very aggressive. HER2 is a gene in our bodies that produces receptor proteins, which are responsible for regulating the growth and repair of breast cells. When these HER2 receptor proteins are expressed too much, it causes excessive reproduction of breast cells. It is thought that African Americans have a higher risk for this type (Mandell). Basal-Like, or more commonly called, Triple Negative Breast Cancer is very aggressive, usually the most aggressive. Basal-like means that the ways the cells look with this cancer resemble the cells that line the breast ducts (Breast Cancer Organization). Basal-like cancers are more aggressive, just like triple-negative breast cancers. According to research most triple-negative breast cancer cells have the basal-like cell type (Breast Cancer Organization). It mostly occurs in premenopausal African American Women who are under 40. Normal-Like breast cancer is called normal-like because it looks a lot like normal breast tissue. The levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors have low expression with this cancer, and it does not have the epidermal growth receptor (National Breast Cancer Foundation). Luminal A breast cancer is another cancer that looks a lot like normal breast tissue. Also, this cancer has low expression of the