Social Medi A Longitudinal Inquiry Into Directionality Of Effect

Kardaras, Nicolas. "Generation Z: Online and at Risk?." Scientific American Mind, vol. 27, no. 5, Sep/Oct 2016, pp. 64-9. MasterFILE Premier. Kardars discuss generation z use of social media affecting them negatively. He opens his article with a story of Heidi who becomes addicted to social media when her school issues her a Chromebook. Before Heidi is issued the laptop, she was a sweet innocent girl and after having it for a semester she became someone her parents could not recognize. He states that social media is a “perfect storm” for humans because having a social connection key to “happiness and health”. Having the ability to always use social media leads to hyper texting the illusion of a real connection making it hard for teens to have face to face conversations, making a teens become “glow kid[s]“, someone who is raised on mostly digital social interactions. Facebook depression” can result in the teen to have lower grades and behavior problems in teens. He concludes his article with facts proving that Facebook can become addictive in some people. This source helps support my thesis that Facebook affects teens mental health.

In his article, “Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?” Stephen Marche argues that Facebook is the vital cause for loneliness and is luring people away from social capital. According to Marche, social networking isolates individuals and creates distance, mostly amongst family members. For some, it is not only isolation but rather social loneliness. The author claims that health can also be effected by loneliness. Nowadays, due to very little verbal person to person communication, he writes that people have never been so separated from one another because of social media. Facebook users, Marche argues, have an addiction to profoundly visit their account constantly leading to the feeling of loneliness and in most cases depression. The author claims that social networking, instead of demolishing isolation, is unknowingly spreading it. Ultimately, However, Stephen’s argument fails to convince due to his abundant false assumptions and the articles confusing organization.

Some research suggests that treatment of Kentucky youth of color results in educational opportunities that are lost and limits successful maturation to adults. (Grieshop et al, 2009)

These participants were selected using a random digit-dial telephone survey. Phone numbers were randomly generated. Once the call was answered, the caller asked to speak with a person over 18 years of age who had the next birthday. Among the participants, 46% were Caucasian, 45% African American, 3% Latino/a, 4% Asian American, and 1% Native American. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 97 years (M = 45.37, SD = 19.91). When asked about highest level of education completed, 4% did not complete high school, 23% had completed high school or received a GED and 68% had spent 1 to 10 years in college. In regards to yearly income, 18% reported making less than $25,000, 29% less than $50,000, 17% less than $75,000, 8% less than $100,000, and 13% over $100,000. On average, participants had lived in South Carolina for 31.41 years (SD =

In Stephen Marche’s article, Facebook is a reason people are becoming move lonely and standard. The relationship between technology and loneliness is strong. According to the article people who spend their time on devices and social network sights are finding themselves lacking in the ability to communicate in person. One effect that is brought up throughout the article is loneliness, in which is made the more often one drowns themselves in social media. Facebook in particular, is the

Self-report. In these surveys, participants will be asked about their family backgrounds, their current occupations, current income, and the degrees of satisfaction about their childhoods and adolescences. The correlation between family backgrounds and later life achievements has preliminarily been measured by self-evaluation.

The impact of cohort effects were very evident in the stories that my interviewees shared with me, but I think that cultural and low socioeconomic status influenced the trajectory of their emerging adulthood. I chose to interview my mother and my grandfather, and I noticed that they had many similarities; both my mother and my grandfather grew up in very rural pueblos in Mexico and also in poverty. I think that because they were both born into poverty and shared the same culture they also shared similar experiences and ideology.

The life course theory provides a framework for evaluating the development of an individual’s life in relation to their environment. It focuses on looking at the progression on an individual’s life through the contexts of history and culture. The theoretical model itself hasn’t been around for very long and is constantly evolving. Elizabeth Hutchison (2005) mentions six major themes of the life course perspective: interplay of human lives and historical time, timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, diversity in life course trajectories, and developmental risk and protection. Along side the major themes there are 5 basic concepts that factor into each theme.

What gaps are in the literature. Based on brief review of parentification literature, there is not sufficient literature on adult outcomes specifically in the general population as the studies conducted have been done with college samples. Also, there has been a lack of documented research on the effects of culture of origin on adult outcomes. Studies have been carried out to explore the role of race on parentification using university/college samples but not on the general population. Consequently, this research is intended to offer insight on how an individual’s experience of assuming an adult role and taking care of sibling/s, parent/s, and other family members during adolescence can impact their psychological wellbeing in adulthood using a sample from the general population and to compare the differential effects of parentification across cultures.

The deleterious effects of growing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood, especially during the early stages of development, have shown to significantly covary with both stress and socioeconomic status (SES) (Hackman, Farah, & Meaney, 2010; McEwen, 2007; Noble, Houston, Kan, Sowell, 2012). Family income and family overall position in society largely determine what access a child has to material resources and an enriched environment that is especially crucial for the early period of development when neurobiological resiliency has shown to be especially malleable, making this a growth period of utmost importance for later-life outcomes. Growing up in a low income family, nested in a low income neighborhood, is statistically linked to an array of

“It has been frequently stated that emerging adults are confused and overwhelmed by the expectations that the world may require of them” (Arnett 2007). Scientifically, it is possible that Manny was not mature enough to understand the commitment of a marriage and fatherhood. He was psychologically immature as well. His mother enabled him throughout his life. Manny did not have any positive male role models. Manny’s parents unconsciously taught him to break the law and do whatever was necessary to make money. They reported fewer earnings to avoid pay taxes and allowed their son to miss school in order to work the family business on very busy days at the store. Within the Community, Manny did not attend an effective school system. His teacher failed to inform Manny’s parents of summer school classes, which cause Manny to be retained. This not only affected him academically, but it also hindered him socially as his classmates moved to the next grade as he stayed behind. Manny did not benefit on a macro level since he did not have ties to any pro-social organization. There were very low levels of public safety, which are also risk factors. His upbringing along with his life choices led him to feel a loss of purpose in his later years. Many people who grow up in chronic diversity are successful when “equipped with adult guidance”. Whether they “get on adaptive paths” or go off the “positive paths of development”, studies indicate that there are possibilities for “late-emerging resilience”. Neurobehavioral and ecological changes can come together to make new possibilities for positive development (Masten, A.S., Burt, K.B., Roisman, G.I., Obradovic, J., Long, J.D., & T’ellegen, A.

The study published suggested what made the difference between prison and college, success and failure, even life and death were money and family. At 30 years old, more than half the sample were in the same socio-economic status as their parents. Those in poverty remained in poverty and those who were financial stable remained financially stable. The study also find that among those who did not attend college, white men from low-income backgrounds found the best-paying jobs, almost none of the children from low-income families made it through college, white women from low-income backgrounds benefited financially from marriage and stable live-in partnerships, and better-off white men were most likely to abuse drugs, yet they still had the most upward mobility. (Rich Kid, Poor Kid: For 30 Years, Baltimore Study Tracked Who Gets Ahead, 2014)

Poverty has a profound impact on the cognitive needs of individuals in family dynamics this includes both parent and children. Some researchers indicate minority races have more cognitive stressors than other races that live in the same cities (Finegood, Raver, DeJoseph, & Blair 2017)

Human development is a continuous process that is both unendingly diverse and complex. It is different for every person and every situation. With so many factors guiding growth and development, applying structure to something that seems so freeform has long been a challenge in the field of developmental studies. However, the multiplicity of human development has, over time, yielded a number of theories that offer varied explanations and insights. Of the contemporary theories, the Life Course Theory (LCT) is a particularly useful framework when considering the intersections of cultural context and development. LCT is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the cognitive, physical, and social health of individuals. LCT incorporates aspects of both lifespan and life stage concepts in order to estimate an individual’s or a group’s health trajectory. The theory is multifaceted and considers the implications of historical time and place, the timing in life, how lives are linked and interdependent, human agency, and how each factor changes over the course of one’s life. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that LCT can provide an exceptionally useful lens when applied to research on health disparities experienced by refugee or immigrant populations (Lesser & Koniak-Griffin, 2013). As such, the Life Course Theory is a valuable tool that can be employed when unpacking the novel The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, which features cultural barriers in

Information about cultural or socioeconomic and about where, how, and why this new stage might be helpful Yes, I think there should be a stage of life between late adolescence and early adulthood because the socioeconomic factors are the social and economic experiences and realities that help shape my personality, attitudes, and lifestyle. Among socioeconomic factors is education. My level of education shows how I view the world and contribute to my social growth. Education has contributed to my decision-making processes and contribute to the route I have taken. My career as a substitute has contribute to my socioeconomic status. In todays, world I know when I attend a party I’m asked my occupation and I’m judged by what do and what I earn as a substitute is socioeconomic factor. Culture and/or ethnicity also are socioeconomic factors that contribute to my thoughts and attitudes. I think this had an impact on how I was raised, my core values, and my sense of family and tradition. I was raised that family was everything and important and we always did everything together and as a family. My history and my ethnicity, and cultural beliefs are all passed down between generations and has shaped my identity.