Social Strain Theory

In Fromuth and Conn (1997)’s study of self-reported sexual perpetrators in a college population, 68% of the victims were identified as family members. Faller (1995) reported that in the sample of 40 clinically-referred perpetrators, 85% were mothers and 55% abused only their own children, whereas 30% abused both their own and other’s children.

When an employee reaches a level of trust with their company and the controls of that company is weak, the employee may assume this is an opportunity to commit the crime and avoid detection.

There are numerous theoretical theories that can be applied to Fish’s case. Agnew’s social-psychological strain theory (1992, 2005), focuses on mistreatment and abuse as a source of acute stress in individuals. The theory suggests that when someone presents an individual with a negative or noxious stimuli it could promote aggressive behaviour (amongst other negative outcomes) in the targeted individual (Agnew, 1992, 2005). This in turn could possibly lead to the targeted individual involving themselves in illegal activities (Agnew, 1992, 2005). This theory helps to provide an explanation as to why Fish committed his heinous crimes as he along with the other boys at St Johns orphanage were reported to have been relentlessly abused, physically, emotionally, and sexually by the staff (Bardsley, 2012; Schechter, 2003). According to Brown et al., (2014), the staff would often strip the children of their clothes then proceed to viciously beat them, this was made worse by the fact that the other children were forced to watch the savage beatings. Fish stated “I was there [St. John’s Orphanage] till I was nearly nine and that’s where I got started wrong. We were unmercifully whipped. I saw boys doing many things they should not have done” (Berry-Dee, 2011, pp 157).

This is a myth that is not true that most of the sexual assaults involve a stranger who attacks a woman in a dark park or alleyway or who may breaks into a woman’s house or an apartment to assault her. According to the crime statistics, less than 20 percent of sexual assaults are committed by a strangers. In other words, in more than 80 percent of cases, the woman is assaulted by someone she already know such as a family member or a friend

Another one of these theories is that physical and sexual abuse was found in the childhood histories of many rapists. Another theory looks at a study by Malamuth, which came up with six "predictor factors" for sexual aggression, "dominance as a sexual motive, hostility toward women, attitudes, facilitating violence, antisocial characteristics/psychoticism, and sexual experience." (Hollin, p. 44) Malamuth found that these factors were successful in predicting sexual violence and bringing these factors in with interactions with the predictor increased its success even more.

Such a classic corporate insider, who owes fiduciary duties to the corporation and its shareholders, has a duty either to abstain from trading or disclose such information before trading” (Kaplan, Matteo, Pfeffer). Generally the simplest forms of insider trading are categorized under the Classical Theory.

According to strain theory, individual deviance is caused as a result of negative treatment from others, which then results in anger and frustration. Control theory, however, is based on the absence of significant nondeviant relationships, but social learning theory is based on positive deviant relationships (Agnew, 1992).

So shareholders and managers can share the information they have with one another, which could hardly be considered unfair to the shareholders. Then there are others who still believe insider trading should remain illegal because it is unfair along with many other reasons. During the early days of regulating insider trading the system searched for an internally consistent justification for banning such trading. That was culminated by the decisions the supreme court handed down in the early 80 's on two important insider trading cases the first was Chiarella v. United States and the second was Dirks v. SEC. These were the two cases that brought some sense of what the law meant by inside information regarding the insider trading law. Then in the early 1990 's is when the judgment was used again in the two cases involving insider trading the first was criminal was Ivan Boesky and the second was Dennis Levine. Both of these men were sentenced to jail, and boesky was banned from ever trading again and also ordered to repay 100 million in illegal insider trading profits. Then with the prosecution of Boesky it unveiled a ring of insiders and led to Michael Milken, the famous junk bond deal maker for Drexel Burnham Lambert. Junk bonds are of fairly high risk, but they also pay out at a higher rate of interest. These junk bonds were commonly used to raise capital in the early 80 's when companies needed money to buy out other companies. So in

There can be many factors that may trigger someone to act out violently or destructive towards someone or something. One factor might be seeking for attention so that they can be acknowledged because of their constant rejection in life as a human being. Some people tend to be violent because they have anger problems which may be hard for them to control their emotions. Sometimes we tend to act out because we are under the influence of drugs or alcohol that we lose control of our actions. Also, the reason people act violently may be the result of growing up in an abusive violent household. Another, reason we act out is because we are surrounded by the wrong crowd that made us take those bad decisions. Finally, most of us act violently is because

The victimization of women through rape has been noted to be prevalent due to their weak protective behaviors. Research conducted by Fisher, Cullen, and Turner (2000), also note that self-protective behaviors by victims may be a key influence to the outcomes of the sexual violence. In this context, Fisher et al. (2000), indicated that women are constantly using physical protective actions, such as fleeing and fighting back but these two actions grant them a rare chance of escaping from the victimization act. Other aspects of the social arena include: attacks, which occur at night, the use of weapons, and attack by close partners. Consequently, all of these aspects make the women less likely to fight back. Thus, this clearly indicates that women and girls should be extremely cautious when it comes to social matters, especially aspects commonly associated to that of victimization.

Studies have shown that many rapists have undergone some sort of abuse, whether it be sexual, physical, or verbal in their family environments which left them with the inability to create secure attachments in childhood.

I think that there should be more insider trading. Because as the great Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman stated, “you want to give people most likely to have knowledge about deficiencies of the company an incentive to make the public aware…” (Economist). I believe that insider trading can be viewed as a way to compensate corporate employees, granted the salaries are relatively low, this in turn will please the shareholders. Insider trading is also very expensive to regulate. Let’s look into the capital, time, and money that goes into regulation. The first one is legislation and the fact that statutes and rules are overly complicated, take up a lot of time, and are very bothersome. They have to be explored, conscripted, lobbied for and against, and then enacted. Secondly, the very nature of insider trading makes it hard to supervise. Lastly, with prosecution, hiring

Rape is an extremely heinous crime that is traditionally defined as “the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will” (Beirne, 271). Because of the degree of this crime, it is almost understandable that people would like to think that it is most often committed by strangers. No one wants to consider that people closest to them could harm them in such a malicious way. However, the NIBRS Victims Data on Victims of Violence shows that more often than not, rape is committed by those who know the victim. They report four counts of rape: general rape, sodomy, sexual assault, and fondling. In each of those counts, the offenders were most reported as

American stockholders have billions if not trillions of dollars invested in various publicly traded companies throughout the country. With that much money involved, it is only wise that there be control measures and safeguards put into place protect these investments from any unlawful or irresponsible activity. Publicly traded companies are required by law to develop such measures. These measures are often referred to as internal controls. These internal controls exist for two main reasons. One reason being, to keep the employees honest. With so much money and other assets involved in business every day, the temptation to steal or misuse those assets cannot be ignored. Humans are flawed beings and measures need to keep such activity from

The report further showed that seventy-seven percent of all frauds in the study were committed by individuals working in one of six departments: accounting, operations, sales, executive/upper management, customer service and purchasing. Most perpetrators of occupational fraud are first-time offenders with clean employment histories. Approximately 87% of the perpetrators had never been charged or convicted of a fraud-related offense, and 84% had never been punished or terminated by an employer for fraud-related conduct. In eighty-one percent of cases, the perpetrators displayed at least one behavioral red flag among behaviors that are often associated with fraudulent conduct—living beyond their means, financial difficulties, unusually close association with vendors or customers, and excessive control issues were the most common behavioral warning signs addressed in the