Social Studies Coursework

The Portuguese began the slave routes. Europeans built sixty forts along the African coast for defense, trade and slavery. During the marches from inland Africa to the coast, approximately one-thousand miles, there was only a fifty percent survival rate. The slaves would be valued at: male – full price, female- half price and a child would be sold at quarter price.

Slaves were bought and sold in many places, mostly for laboring farm land. In the Atlantic world during the 1500's and 1600’s there were many causes and effects to African slave trade. Many Europeans needed slaves to labor on their lands.

At first trafficking humans only occurred in Europe: They would enslave each other and then sell them off. Some Enslaved Africans had already reached Europe, the Middle East and other parts of the world before the 15th century. Most of the slaves were taken from the western coastal states of Africa. The demand for slaves grew as time passed and the suppliers had to step up their activity. To obtain the slaves they would raid villages and small towns. One story from a former slave named, Olaudah Equiano, told his story about how they were captured. He said that his parents went to go work out in the fields while him and his sister sat in the house and played. While they were in the house they heard men outside, broke down the door, and took them away. From then on he and his sister were separated. When they were going to get on the ship at the coast he had seen a recipe that said there were 115 men and 115 women. When they reached the Americas there was a new recipe that said only 201 slaves survived. All of the captured Africans crossed the Sahara desert by walking through the hot sand in metal chains. They would walk to Europe and if they were

African slaves were shipped to the West Indies and America as part of the Triangular Trade. Many slaves died on the voyage due to the ghastly conditions that accompanied the Middle Passage and others committed suicide. Portugal held a near monopoly on the export of African slaves for a period of about 200 years from the early 14-1600s. The peak years of the slave trade were during the 16th and 17th century, but Africans were forced across the Atlantic for an astonishing timeframe of around 400 years.

the American colonies. Lots of slaves died, the ones who survived were auctioned off in

Slavery was well established in fifteenth century Africa. The institution took two basic forms. The emerging Atlantic world linked not only peoples but also animals, plants, and germs from Europe, Africa, and the Americans in a Columbian exchange. The first Africans to be brought to North America in 1619. It is unclear whether the slaves came for unpaid labor or servant. Life as a slave meant endless work from sundown to sunrise. They were working six days a week and having food sometimes not suitable for an animal to eat. The slaves that work on the plantation lived in little shacks with dirt floor and little or no furniture. Slave that worked on large plantations had to worry about the cruel overseers. The overseer was to look out and make sure no slaves ran away and made sure that the slaves were working to their max. The overseers could be cruel at some times. The overseers would whip the slaves if they did something that the overseers didn’t like. The slaves that worked in the house were called domestic

The middle passage was truly a harsh and disgusting trip for the africans. However, if africans survived it would get a little better, they were sent to auction blocks where they were sold off like animals. They were then sent to the plantation to whom ever bought them. There, they worked and taught plantation owners how to farm and grow crops more efficiently.

To really show the horrendous conditions that the slaves endured, the author includes a 1787 replication drawing of the slave ship Brooks. Built in 1781 with a lower deck intended to accommodate 294 slaves, giving each slave a space comparable to the size of a coffin. Adult males were allocated a space six feet long and fifteen inches wide and allowing even less space for adult women, boys, and girls. The height of the same area was just five feet, and did not include any toilet facilities for the slaves. In most cases, the captains would load double the number of slaves their ships were designed for leading to even worse conditions onboard with more mouths to feed but not enough provisions to compensate. Those slaves who died during the journey through the Middle Passage were simply thrown overboard, where their bodies were eaten by ravenous sharks.

The content of this book is the history of how Africans were treated in the Americas between 1550 and 1812. The author offered his perspective on how Africans were treated in each historical period, which included the colonial period.

Most slaves were abducted mainly from Angola and Ghana, in the western part of Africa. These victims were forced onto the bottom deck of the ship in which they would be crammed up into any available space to make room. Captives in these ships would often be chained up against the walls or floors. Conditions aboard the slave ships were wretched… The atmosphere inhumane to say the least (“Aboard a slave ship, 1829,”Eyewitness to history 2000). Heat exhaustion, Hyperthermia, diseases, Strong odor of human waste were some of the many conditions these

The majority were already enslaved within their tribes and were sold to the Europeans by other Africans (Mannix & Cowley 1). After being sold, the slaves were shackled together and placed on a vessel on the boat.

The African Slave Trade (pg 27): Portuguese traders likewise ousted Arab merchants as the prime purveyors of African slaves. Some Africans were held in bondage as security for debts; others were sold into servitude by their kin in exchange for food in times of

As the Atlantic route expanded, accounting for nearly two thirds of all Africans leaving the continent, it created systems for the gruesome work of collecting and exporting slaves and brought the expansion of a system of slavery in Africa itself. The rising prices for slaves, steadily driven by increasing American demand, powerfully influenced local African developments where slave trade was well established. For example, in some cases such as Kingdom of the Kongo to the south of the Zaire or Congo River, slave trade was quickly organized from a region that had only limited slavery and became a steady exporter of slaves

Africans were less defenseless to numerous European ailments than Native American slaves. Starting in 861, a great part of the Caliphate was tossed into Civil War, and the Zanj accepted the open door to revolt between 869-883-1.5-2.5 million executed. After the Portuguese arrived, slaves were frequently exchanged for European products specifically firearms. The Portuguese utilized slaves on their Sugar Plantations in Sao Tome and Madeira. The Portuguese first conveyed African slaves to the New World as right on time as 1500 to take a shot at sugar estates, and they overwhelmed the early exchange. They were immediately supplanted by the Dutch in 1600 who initially foreign made slaves routinely into North America. They were supplanted by the English in the 1700s.The slave exchange produced an ever more prominent interest for slaves prompting to more wars between African tribes to keep up the request; journey from Africa to the New World. Considered the middle section of the triangular trade, also known as The Middle Passage. Slaves were payload and regarded all things considered. Frequently packed into boats and stacked on top of each other. On a few boats, they were either laid level and couldn 't sit up. Anchored together with a team of around thirty people. Ailing health, congestion, and terrible sanitation prompted to many slaves passing on before they ever arrived. Dead bodies were

in the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes cooking and cleaning, while men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. They were shipped from Africa by the Europeans, "The Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade". This was an organized route where