Socioeconomic Status In Adolescence

In the united states teen pregnancy in the US has increased tremendously. “ by age 20”(cochran 1988). 18% percent of women in the US will have given birth to more than one child. Ecological theory has been tested in many different conditions varying from child development and teen pregnancy to domestic violence. (Dutton 1984, Pence, 1988). When using the ecological approach it includes several critical systems such as source of support from the teens parents and the father of the child, the school and work systems, and the impact of these systems on the teens develpoment, such as her education, occupation, and relationship outcomes.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of teen pregnancy on the of lower ses adolescents. The scope of the problem, the social context of teenage pregnancy, and the consequences will be examined. teenage mother face difficulties and problems during and after pregnancy twice as much as more than older women and their pregnant “counterparts” who delayed childbearing until after age 20 .Low ses greater risk of becoming teenager pregnant and influence the development of both the course and persistence in antenatal depression and PPD and ) reported that the presences of depressive symptoms was associated with Black race, unmarried status, poor family background low educational attainment low monthly income, and receipt of assistance through Aid to Families with Dependent Children, food stamps, or WIC. Inadequate social support

According to an article I read stated that adolescence become parents because their educational experiences show little or no promise. It is suggested that identifying young girls with academic and social emotional difficulties early on and intervening could have a positive impact on reversing teen adolescent behaviors such as teen pregnancy. (Goddings, Anne-Lise1,2 Burnett Heyes, Stephanie2,3,4 Bird, Geoffrey2,5 Viner, Russell M.1 Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, 2002)

Socioeconomic Status is where a particular person or group of people stand in regards to social class. The main measurement that determines one's socioeconomic status is level of education, occupation and income. Although it may not be considered a factor in child development, socioeconomic status can actually play a huge role in determining what kind of adolescent a child develops into. It can influence a child’s morals, self-esteem, grades and many more aspects of a child's life. Socioeconomic status can play a role in determining where a person resides, the occupation they end up getting, their education and their income as well. So, although one’s socioeconomic status is technically made up of these aspects, one can be born into a low socioeconomic status which could result in them continuing to have one throughout their life. It is a cycle that one must break in order to change the outcome. Low socioeconomic status can result in child poverty. Child poverty over the years has risen and fallen but has remained consistently apparent in America. Child poverty can have detrimental effects on developing children and adolescents. It may influence the way they are raised, taught, cared for and many more aspects of the child's life which are important for successful development. Low socioeconomic status can determine how well children and adolescents develop and the type of person they develop into, including

Childhood Development is very influenced by SES (Socioeconomic status) when dealing with the success of a child. SES can affect ones psychological health, physical health & well-being, and as well- education. Kids typically with higher SES have outcomes like self-control, optimism, and self-esteem, while kids with lower SES tend to have higher rates of attempted suicide, smoking, and engage of heavy drinking (Newacheck, Hung, Park, Brindis, &

Teenage birth rates, defined as live births per one thousand 15-19-year-old US females, declined by 10% from 2012 to 2013 from 29.4 to 26.5. In fact, the birth rate has been on a steady decline over the past 20 years, from 61.8 in 1991 to 26.5 in 2013. Teenage pregnancy represents both a health and social inequality in our society. Specifically, teenage childbearing is a public health issue because teenage mothers are more likely to experience negative social outcomes such as dropping out of school. This is a self-reinforcing cycle, as children of teenage mothers face higher chances of poor academic achievement as well as getting pregnant or getting someone else pregnant in their teenage years (CDC). Although the overall rates of teenage pregnancy have dropped, ultimately, the variations in the rates reflect the intersecting disparities regarding race and ethnicity, income inequality, geography, and environmental factors, which in turn affect access to medical care, education, and resources.

In the United States, obtaining a higher education is more important than ever. The income gap between a family of college graduates and a family of high school graduates grew 30,000 dollars in just three decades (Porter). Institutions of higher education are engines of upward mobility that is not afforded to the entire population. American society is still plagued with racial disparities; however, they are no longer the main divider separating Americans. Today, the most imminent danger to the American dream is socioeconomic status (SES). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organization, found that when it comes to academic achievement, SES has more influence in the United States

Socioeconomic status (SES) is often conceptualized in literature to include income, education, and occupation. There are a number of different pathways through which SES effects child development; environmental and parental influence will be emphasized. Low SES children are disproportionately exposed to damaging physical and social environments (Evans, 2006). The social environment for children of low SES is often deprived of parental interaction. Parents of higher SES often engage in more rich conversation, provide more scaffolding, and are more responsive, often enforcing less punitive discipline in comparison to parents of a low SES (Hart & Risley, 1995). Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (2000) explain that low SES has the most significant influence

Other risk factors are; poor monitoring and supervision of children by parents, harsh treatment, lax or inconsistent parental disciplinary practices, a low level of attachment between parents and children, low parental involvement in children's activities, parental substance abuse or criminality, parental depression, low family income, unemployment in the family, and associating with delinquent peers and/or gang membership. Society takes part in teen violence by desentizing violence, promoting secular music, allowing easy access to weapons, providing a local supply of illicit drugs, and the quality of a country’s governance. Many teens grow up experiencing their families, friends, and community going through hardships. Hardships, such as, poverty, violence, illness, the effects of alcoholism, unemployment, incarceration, and the lack of educational

Studies have routinely found that socioeconomic status is one of the most important factors in determining whether or someone is going to vote in elections. Traditionally, the higher someone’s socioeconomic status the more likely they are to vote in elections. It is often thought that this it is due to the fact that the higher one’s socioeconomic status the more they have at state in elections. However, it would seem that during elections with higher than normal levels of participation this tends to be less true. Therefore, the question that is trying to be answered here is if higher levels of voter participation cause the socioeconomic bias to decrease, when compared to years where the voter turnout is less?

Aspects of family functioning that have a negative effect on adolescent development are family tolerance of substance use and abuse; inadequate parental guidance; and family conflict and poor bonding (Families Are a Major Influence). Social risk factors involve the environments in which children and adolescents spend most of their time, which have the greatest influence over the child's development: family, peers, community and youth culture. High levels of family conflict and poor bonding also are associated with substance abuse among the young (Families Are a Major Influence). The more time you spend with your family, the more likely you will have a closer bond and more safe experience for when you’re out on your own with others.

Currently, there is a broad consensus that a negative correlation exists between socioeconomic status and mental illness in adolescents. By establishing the specific socioeconomic factors that induce mental illnesses in youth, disorders can be predicted early on. Many experts believe that wealthy children are likelier to develop mental health problems as they feel pressure to succeed or are isolated by their parents (Luthar 2003). However, it has been proven that poorer adolescents are more likely to develop mental illnesses than wealthier adolescents are. A negatively perceived social status, low parental education and income, and lack of social mobility have been proven as important socioeconomic causes of mental illnesses in adolescents.

Economic circumstances has an influence on multiple areas that affect infant development. Income related difference in parenting appear early in the infants life; for instance, on average low income mothers are less affeffectionate, less responsive to infants’ distress signals, and they are more likely to have harsh parenting styles. Children from a low income have fewer stimulating experiences and learning materials than children from higher income households. This leads to apparent differences that during the first years and often last into adulthood. One of those differences are that the children from low income are more likely to have increased behavioral problems and lower cognitive scores. Furthermore, children from a high income family usually experience psychological stress because the parents pressure the child to overachieve. The financial situation can also affect if the infant is able to get the nutrition intake that is needed, and if the infant is unable to get the right nutrition that will lead to other areas of development being affected.Financial situations

A lack of education is one of the main socio economic factors which impact the mental health of an adolescent mother. Studies show a number of negative outcomes that are linked with dropping out of school at an early age. For example, youth that tend to gain fewer educational qualifications are more likely to be in unstable relationships resulting in a lack of knowledge regarding contraceptive use which leaves them to deal with economic circumstances (Breheny & Stephens, 2008; Friesen, Woodward, Fergusson, Horwood, &

Like Amy and Loeber (2009), when it comes to the ecological paradigm of teenage pregnancy, Corcoran, Franklin, and Bennett (2000) also believe one’s socioeconomic status is a huge factor that contributes to this problem. A person’s socioeconomic status a lot of times determines “education, expanded family size, single-parent household structure, and lessened resources in terms of employment and income.” These three authors claim that educational performance and goals “dictate the potential costs of child bearing at a young age.” Their studies have also shown that teenage girls’ relationships with the school setting and poorer performance in school serve a greater risk for adolescent pregnancy.