Sodic Soils in the United States

Biomes are appropriate conditions for organizing the natural world because the organisms that live in them common constellations of adaptations, particularly the climate of each of the areas and the characteristic vegetation types that develops in these divisions. It should be understood that the climate is perhaps the most important in determining classes of individuals who may live in an area and the ways they should be amended to live under different conditions of temperature and precipitation and seasonal distribution of these factors element. Every place on Earth has its own climate, influenced by both macroclimate regions as the particular microclimate. The soils are very important because they are essential to determine the types of plants that will grow into a bioclimatic zone in partical, in addition, also as substrates for animals serve. In turn, the soils are heavily influenced by regional climate, as well as the geology of the bedrock. At the same time we have to keep in mind the diversity of plants like the flora just like the diversity of the fauna as well as the adaptation of both.

Election of 1828 is what started it all. Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams was running for President, and Andrew Jackson won by an overwhelming majority. Jackson established the Spoil System. The Spoil System awarded Jackson’s friends and supporters public offices. During the 1830’s, abolitionist began to rise, and people began to revolt, for example, William Garrison wrote the “Liberator”, and Nat Turner killed his master and 60 more people. Money was a huge issue because tariffs were raised, and Jackson destroyed the National Banks, which caused the Panic of 1837. The big issue during the 1850’s was the decision if slavery should expand into the new territory that America had gained from the Mexican War. The documents support the explanation

The aim is to identify and associate landforms, rock types and soils to the natural environment and its plants and animals and also to investigate the history of the local environment, comprising human impacts over the last 50 years. The impact of human alterations to the environment includes increased soil erosion and changes in river flows.

Holmes, Garnett, Bureau of Plant Industry United States, and Bureau of Chemistry and Soils United States. Soil Survey of The Yuma Area, Arizona-California. N.p.: Govt. print. off., 1905

“Drainage patterns, the hilliness of the ground, the range of soils, the nature of the bedrock,

Bottomland hardwoods are wetlands found along rivers and streams which sometimes flood beyond their channels into hardwood forested floodplains. These wetlands, which include forests, swamps, ponds, and water channels, are considered some of the most important habitats in Texas wildlife.

These are soils consisting predominantly of unaltered mineral material that have no surface/sub-surface horizon attributed to soil forming processes (unless buried under a 730cm thick deposit from the Holocene) (Avery, 1980;). These soils do not normally have continuous vegetation cover (Avery, 1980). They occur in very recently formed soil and may have a superficial organic or organo-mineral layer less than 5cm thick. Sometimes they have a buried horizon below 30cm of depth. (Thompson, 2007; Jarvis, 1984).

Using the assigned readings for Week Four, write a 50- to 75-word response to each of the following questions. Your responses will be assessed according to the accuracy of

The town of Putney is situated in the south eastern corner of Vermont, in the Connecticut River Valley. Although the town occupies just 26.8 square miles, the diversity of its soils is remarkable. The variation of Putney’s soils has led to a wide range of land uses depending on the soil type, and its position on the landscape. By exploring the factors that contributed to the formation of Putney’s soils, and by discussing the characteristics of those soils, this paper will explain the significance of the town’s land use.

North Ridgeville, or Ridgeville County during he earlier parts of history, was once covered by the Late Wisconsin Glacier. In my area here are 6 known soils around the entire county. They are; the Mahoning- Trumbull- Ellsworth association, the Orrville- Lobdell- Chagrin association, the Fitchville- Luray- Sebring association, the Allis- Mitiwanage- Miner association, the Haskins- Jimtown- Oshtemo association, and the Mahoning- Miner association. All of these associations have either near level, or very steep sloping, somewhat poor, to very poor drainage, and we only have 4 horizons found in Lorain County. They are the O, A, B, and C horizons. The state of Ohio is known as the Miamian state soil. They are considered as the most expensive soil around as they have tons of cash crops being farmed, but also because of the drainage being so poor due to dry weather, unpredictable weather, and dry soils. They constantly need to be watered and seeded. The sun just beats down on a lot of the soil, especially my backyard, even with shade present. Ohio is part of 4 other resource regions, which extend from Maine to Alabama, and as far as the eastern part of Nebraska. Much of the soils found near me are left behind the glaciers that carved out the Great Lakes.

Over many years there has been controversies among farmers in North Dakota about things that may or may not harm the soil. Such as Drain Tile, shelterbelts, soil salinity, soil compaction, soil erosion, and ect.

The soil is mostly known in Wisconsin for the characteristics of being productive, well-drained, and a soil with a

Geographically, Saanich Peninsula is located on the southern end of Vancouver Island, north of the city of Victoria. It has arable land with the mildest climate in Canada. The annual precipitation varies from 635 millimeters in Victoria (city) and increases by 45% in the northern part of the Peninsula, particularly at the airport and nearby areas (Victoria, n.d.). Saanich Peninsula is situated in the south eastern part of the Nanaimo lowland and Vancouver Island ranges. Its eastern side is bordered by Cordova Channel and the western side by Saanich Inlet. The Peninsula is mainly underlain by fractured and faulted volcanic and igneous rocks (i.e., lithosphere). (Huntley et al., n.d; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1998b). The Peninsula has soils of different texture exposed in sea-cliff and wave-cut platform including sands and gravels; mud, rock; humic; gravely, sandy loam; silt, clay loam; and gravely, loamy sand. Some typical local soils and soil types in the Peninsula are Metchosin, Brigantine, Shawnigan, Langford, Saanichton, Qualicum, Shawnigan etc. (Huntley et al., n.d; Agriculture and Agri-Food

Erosion removes the surface soils, containing most of the organic matter, plant nutrients, and fine soil particles, which help to retain water and nutrients in the root zone where they are available to plants. Thus it affects the productivity of plants. The remaining, the subsoil, tends to be less fertile, less absorbent and less able to retain pesticides, fertilizers, and other plant nutrients. There are over 17,000 soil types recognized worldwide. They vary widely in structure, erodibility, fertility, and ability to produce crops. A generalized soil profile for a humid, temperate climate is showed. When the natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture, soils become exposed to erosion and loss of soil fertility. The removal of the above-ground natural

The high water content of these soils causes the chemistry to be primarily reducing rather than oxidizing as it is in most other soils. Most of the reactions are mediated by biological activities. Such a chemical environment means that the rate of decomposition of organic matter is relatively slow. The reduced carbon in the organic matter of saturated soils is the source of energy and electrons to drive the redox reactions (Schipper et al, p. 923). Under slightly reducing conditions, the process of denitrification breaks down nitrate (NO3-) into N2 "through intermediates including nitrite (NO2) and N2O" (McBride, p. 265). Under strongly reducing conditions, some of the N2 is transformed into NH4- through plant enzyme-catalization in a process called nitrogen fixing. Reducing conditions also change sulfate (SO42- ) into H2S a noxious smelling gas. Much of the hydrogen sulfide is dissolved and dissociated in the water where the sulfide interacts with Fe2+ form iron sulfides. In more moderately reducing conditions the iron can be contained in siderite (Fe CO3). In both instances the solubility of iron is greatly reduced (McBride, p. 266). Saturated soils tend to decompose organic matter slowly, transform nitrates, and reduce the solubility of metals such as iron. The reduced iron results in gleying (greyish-green coloration) of the soil and in the case of fluctuating water levels mottles