Sodium Borohydride Lab Report

In an oxidation reaction, the number of C-H bonds decreases or the number of C-O bonds increases, while in a reduction reaction, the number of C-H bonds increases or the number of C-O bonds decreases. In the oxidation step of this reaction, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone is formed from when a C-H bond is lost while a C-O bond is gained to create a carbonyl. In the reduction step, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is formed when the carbonyl is converted into an alcohol when a nucleophilic hydride attacks the carbonyl. Whether the OH is in the

Aldehydes can be oxidized easily to carboxylic acids in aqueous medias and could cause over-oxidization

The hydrobenzoin (meso) product of the benzil was isolated through the techniques of recrystallization and vacuum filtration. Because there NaBH4 was the limiting reagent in the experiment, 0.005604moles of NaBH4 should yield 1.2008g of hydrobenzoin (meso). The mass of the isolated product was 0.613g, resulting in a 51.1% yield. There are many reasons to account for the loss of 48.9% of

After 10 minutes the reaction liquid was separated from the solid using a vacuum filtration system and toluene. The product was stored and dried until week 2 of the experiment. The product was weighed to be 0.31 g. Percent yield was calculated to be 38.75%. IR spectra data was conducted for the two starting materials and of the product. Melting point determination was performed on the product and proton NMR spectrum was given. The IR spectrum revealed peaks at 1720 cm-1, which indicated the presence of a lactone group, and 1730 cm-1, representing a functional group of a carboxylic acid (C=O), and 3300cm-1, indicating the presence of an alcohol group (O-H). All three peaks correspond with the desired product. A second TLC using the same mobile and stationary phase as the first was performed and revealed Rf Values of 0.17 and 0.43for the product. The first value was unique to the product indicating that the Diels-Alder reaction was successful. The other Rf value of 0.43 matched that of maleic anhydride indicating some

After the double bond attacks the hydrogen, a carbocation forms as the proton attaches to the least substituted carbon of the ones participating in the double bond. This happens because this allows the more stable carbocation to form, as the positive charge would then exist on the more substituted carbon. The functional groups attached to this carbocation donate their electron density to it, thus stabilizing it. This overall effect is often called the Markovnikov rule. However, in this case the two carbons that are connected to each other by the double bond are the same in terms of how substituted they are, and the hydrogen can bond to either of them and still yield the same product.

2. Plan: Each student in a group of three will work to create a reaction with the Benzonitrile Oxide with, cis-stilbene, trans-stilbene, or styrene in an Erlenmyer flask. With this Reaction solution thin layer chromatography will be performed using each reaction solution. The different reactions will then be compared by running co-spot TLC’s. An NMR of the crude products from each reaction will be taken.

In this experiment, the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation reaction and secondly, to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation step, a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy, the chromic acid test, 2,4-DNP test and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this

A. ) The glycolytic enzyme produces NADH+ and carbon dioxide from pyruvate. The allosteric control of the glycolytic enzyme is controlled by the amount of NADH produced. The NADH+ and carbon dioxide tricarboxylic acid cycle and become NADH+ and FAH2 The higher concentration of NADH, will lead to more electrons being contributed to the electron transport cycle, increasing the hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which would lead to an increased production of ATP.

To stabilize the structure, the negative bromide was introduced via backside attack and made an anti product.

To identify the unknown solution, the physical properties were observed such as state, color, odor, and boiling point. Then, the functional group tests were performed.

Bromothymol Blue Preparation 1: Added 2 mL of 5.33 x 10-5 M bromothymol blue solution into two separate test tubes using a pipette. In one, added 1 mL of pH 10.00 buffer and in the second, added 1 mL of pH 5.00 buffer. Spectrophotomer Set-Up: Applied the correct settings to UVmini-1240 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Filled a cuvette with a path length of 1 cm, with distilled water and placed the blank into the cell holder of the device. Calibrated and corrected parameters.

Aim The purpose of this lab was to convert a primary alcohol to an alkyl bromide through SN2 reaction. Introduction

In order to determine the major product of the alkylation, an NMR test was run to figure

The procedure starts by obtaining 25 mL of HC₂H₃O₂ that has an unknown concentration. Take 10 mL of the HC₂H₃O₂ and add it to a 250 mL beaker that already contains 50 mL of distilled water. Next, set up the lab quest and fill a 50 mL buret with 0.100 M NaOH. Place the pH sensor into the solution prepared earlier and start data collection. Record the original pH when no NaOH is added, and continue to record the pH and amount of NaOH after every addition. Add NaOH in increments to change the pH by 0.15 pH units. Once a pH of 5 is reached, add NaOH drop by drop until a pH of 10 is reached. One desired ph of 10 is reached, add increments to raise pH by 0.15 pH units until the pH remains constant. Lastly, stop the data collection and examine the

This paper was written in order to relate nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2) with reactions that involved converting alcohol-containing compounds to alkyl halides. This experiment was conducted by combining the initial alcohol with reagents and heating under reflux when necessary. It was determined that mechanistic pathways of substitution depend principally on the structure of the initial alcohol; that is, substrate is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary. Synthesis of 1 (46%) was achieved through SN2 mechanism from a primary alcohol, while syntheses 2 (97%) and 3 (98%) were completed by SN1 mechanisms from secondary and tertiary alcohols as determined by the presence of rearranged products.