Sodium Nitroprusside Or Vanillin

The objective of this lab was to create a ketone through an oxidation reaction using a using a secondary alcohol and oxidizing agent in order to use that ketone in a reduction reaction with a specific reducing agent to determine the affect of that reducing agent on the diastereoselectivity of the product. In the first part of this experiment, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol was reacted with NaOCl, an oxidizing agent, and acetic acid to form 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. In the second part of this experiment, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone was reacted with a reducing agent, either NaBH4 in EtOH or Al(OiPr)3 in iPrOH, to form the product 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the cis:trans ratio of the OH relative to the tert-butyl group in the product formed from the reduction reaction with each reducing agent. Thin-layer chromatography was used in both the oxidation and reduction steps to ensure that each reaction ran to completion.

10 microliters of the sample is then added and the assay absorption is measured at 340nm. If absorbance was above 1.5, samples were diluted.

Spectrophotometers are quite precise instruments allowing for five significant figures to be obtained. The major source of error in this lab is how small the concentration of the reagents are.

A small beaker was placed under the arm of the distillation head to catch the distillate. Foil was wrapped around the neck of the round-bottomed flask and a wet paper towel was wrapped around the arm of the distillation head to create a condenser. The flask was heated gently so that the distillate dropped at a rate of two drops per minute. The temperature was recorded as every drop was collected. The distillation began at around 55.0 ℃. The distillation was stopped after 29 drops were collected to prevent the solution from being distilled to dryness. See attached data. The known boiling point of 1-butanol is 117.5 ℃ (Lemonds). The known boiling point of 1-propanol is 97 ℃ (Thiyagarajan). The known boiling point of acetone is 56 ℃ (Forss). The known boiling point of 2-butanone is 79.6 ℃ (Jiang). For unknown #3 the boiling point of the first substance seemed to be around 56 ℃ and the boiling point of the second substance seemed to be around 111 ℃. Therefore unknown #3 seemed to be a mixture of acetone and 1-butanol.

This purpose of this lab is to use gas chromatography to identify unknown compounds. In this lab, six known substances were first tested for their retention times to be used as standards when figuring out the three substances contained in a known mixture. The vernier mini gc in this experiment, just like all the other types of chromatography, have both a stationary and mobile phase. With this instrument, the stationary phase is a metal outer column and the mobile phase is the atmospheric air, which is how the vernier mini gc works. This instrument is used alongside a computer to be able to obtain the readings of the injected substances and shown as peaks on a chromatograph. The specific time it takes for a substance to exit the chromatography

First, all of the equipment was obtained and placed on the table. The necessary equipment was weighed using a top loader balance, which used grams as its unit of measurement. The test tube, which held the samples, was filled with water from a plastic squirt bottle. A piece of filter paper, which had been folded several times, was placed over a funnel over an Erlenmeyer flask to filter the mixture in the test tube. The test tube mixture was poured onto the filter paper.

One thing shown through this graph is the functional group present in the product tested. Different functional groups absorb light at different frequencies. When placed into the infrared spectrometer, the energy bands given off by the compound identified the sample as an ester. There are some obvious unique spikes in the graph that indicate the presence of an ester. The first is a fairly short and broadened spike around 3000 that results from a C-H bond. Another spike is a tall, narrow spike located around 1750 that represents the C=O bond of the ester. A somewhat shorter spike is seen around 1300, which indicates the C-O bond from where the alcohol joined with the acetic acid to allow the formation of the

Acetaminophen or Paracetamol (4'-hydroxyacetanilide, PAR) is used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is used for mild to moderate pain. It is also useful for lowering fever [1]. It is a main ingredient in many cold and flu remedies. In combination with opioid pain drug, acetaminophen is used in the management of severe pain such as cancer pain and after surgery [2].

This lab report is based on the third experiment, and it was the Extraction: Separation and Purification Technique. The purpose of this third lab was for the lab students to understand about the process of extraction and how it can be used to separate substances. The lab students were given the mixture of the equal amounts of Aspirin (Acetyl Salicylic Acid), Acetanilide and Urea. The lab students would have to go through the process of extraction in order to separate the three compounds from each other. The goals of this the third lab was for the students to successfully separate the three compounds (Aspirin, Acetanilide, and Urea) from each other, figuring out the percent recovery and to determine the purity of the substances that were recovered.

The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize an unknown ester using Fischer esterification reaction between an unknown carboxylic acid and an unknown alcohol as reactants as well as sulfuric acid as a catalyst. At the first step, the reaction mixture was created using the two key reactants, then the product was isolated by removing the aqueous layer. Through the distillation process, the crude product was purified to generate a clear liquid with a banana like odor as a final product of the reaction. The final product was a clear liquid with a banana like odor that usually comes from banana oil existed either in pure isoamyl acetate or pentyl acetate. The unknown ester was identified by using three common techniques IR, 13C NMR, and

Incorporation of assay controls included setting up a spectrophotomer and running the chart recorder with a full-scale deflection before the start of the assay. The set recorder had a corresponding value of 1 for the change in the absorbance. Therefore, prior testing was done to observe whether a change occurred in the readings. This helped to indicate that the results were valid, as they could have been affected by a fault during the setting up of the spectrophotometer. On the other hand this was considered as one of the controls for the experiment. Nevertheless, a new cuvette had to be used for each assay.

The common analytical method to detect the presence of doping agents in urine is LC-MS and GC-MS [6]. These techniques have been shown

Purpose: In this experiment, there are five known compounds given and one unknown compound. The known compounds are: aldehydes, ketones, primary and secondary alcohol, and ester. The Dumas method is used to determine what the unknown substance is. Both Aldehydes and Ketones are similar in a way that they both have carbonyl groups in their Lewis structure; the only difference between the two are that aldehydes are quickly oxidized into carboxylic acids whereas it more difficult to achieve.1 There are three different types of alcohols; there are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide, narrow spectrum, antibiotic that has been in clinical use for many years, and continues to be one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for the following conditions: Empiric therapy of gram-positive infections in high-risk patients , Empiric therapy of infections associated with central lines, hemodialysis shunts, vascular grafts or prosthetic heart valves, Documented or suspected MRSA or CONS , Patients who are allergic to beta-lactams and serious or life-threatening infections (e.g. endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis). However, despite its clinical usefulness and established therapeutic benefits, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is performed due to its high pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, age-dependent

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the rate law and the constant for bromination of acetone. Since molecular bromine in aqueous solution is colored yellow and its reaction with acetone renders a colorless product, the rate of the reaction is conveniently studied by measuring the decrease (the rate at which the color disappears) in absorption by bromine of visible light spectrophotometrically. This is the process of the reaction is monitored by using light absorption to measure the concentrations. A simple fixed wavelength spectrophotometer gives readout, which can be related directly to concentration. During the experiment we only need to monitor the absorbance at a fixed wavelength. The absorbance, and concentration, of the solution