Sodium Perfringens Lab Report

Clostridium difficile associated disease will resolve when the patient discontinues taking the antibiotics to which he/she has been previously exposed (Nipa, 2010). Administration of a different antibiotic is used to treat the infection (Grossman, 2010). The infection can usually be treated with an appropriate course of about 10 days of antibiotics including metronidazole or vancomycin administered orally (Nipa, 2010). On occasion intravenous vancomycin may be necessary (Gould, 2010). The nurse should ensure patients are not only taking the newly prescribed antibiotic, but also responding to the treatment by showing a decrease in symptoms. Symptoms can recur despite antibiotic therapy, close monitoring is essential. In order to avoid risk of further complications, nursing interventions would include careful assessment of white blood cell count, temperature, and hydration status; meticulous skin care and assistance with bowel elimination given the loose frequent stools; and management of abdominal discomfort (Grossman, 2010).

Patient’s WBC were on the normal parameter (11.6). Patient did not present signs and symptoms of

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in soil, feces, and water. There are four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) and five strains of C. perfringens (A-E) that cause a variety of symptoms such as food poisoning, gas gangrene, and severe neurological disease in sheep and other ruminants. The latter will be the primary focus of this research paper.

The illness of topic that is rare but potentially fatal that is caused by a toxin is Botulism. In the United States, health care providers report an average of 110 cases per year. The botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein. The causative organism that makes up this toxin is Clostridium botulism and sometimes Clostridium butyricum or Clostridium baratii. They are the gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria. The bacteria that make this toxin are naturally found in many places and it is rare for them to make people sick. This bacterium makes spores that act like a protective coating. The spores help these bacteria survive in the environment, even in very extreme conditions. The spores even when eaten usually do not make people sick but under certain conditions they can grow and become

1-C. Diff produces exotoxins which are toxin A and toxin B. These toxins are the main virulence factors and are mediated C. Difficile pathogenicity. Toxin A targets intestinal epithelial cells via optical part of the cells and destroys tight junctions in order to gain access and spread to the epithelial cells with toxin B. Unlike toxin A, Toxin B has a variety of tropism. There is also another toxin called binary toxin in hypervirulent strains. It is not pathogenic. Indeed, It is increased bacterial adherence. This strain is found more common in animals.

• Have open wounds on the skin such as cuts, burns, bites, and scrapes. Bacteria

Clostridium perfringens is known as “Food Service germ or C. perfringens,” it is the leading cause of food borne bacteria gastronententis. Clostridium perfringens has caused one million or more people to get sick every year. Most people that have clostridium perfringens so it does not get reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

aureus can likewise create a huge assortment of poisons, basically TSST-1, enterotoxin An E and exfoliative poisons An and B (Michael and Robert, 2010).

The patient is a 59-year-old female presented with an abscess and cellulitis located above and slightly to the left of her gluteal cleft. She reports pain at the site of the infection, swelling and redness is also noted. The patient underwent an incision and drainage (I&D) and was put on Vancomycin to treat the infection. She has a history of HTN, CAD, and hyperlipidemia, however no history of diabetes, cancer, or autoimmune disorders that are linked to increase the risk for abscesses were reported. The fact that this is the first time in which she has had an abscess or cellulitis leads me to believe the patient would highly benefit from being educated on these overlapping skin infections.

Onset of Necrotizing fasciitis: At the initial stage of necrotizing infection, the clinical features may present as a typical uncomplicated cellulitis. There may be edema, tenderness and edema in the affected area just as seen in cellulitis. Some of the differentiating features of necrotizing infection which are not common in cellulitis or DVT include, the presence of crepitus as result of subcutaneous gas produced by anaerobic bacteria, edema that spreads beyond erythematous boundary of the infection, lastly, the necrotic area usually has a thin purulent liquid drainage. These features are not seen in this patient hence this diagnosis is ruled

serious case when your skin is red /sore. lt can happen very quickly so you

NAS is the first enzyme involved in the anabolic pathway of nitrogen assimilation. The bacterial NAS can be grouped into at least three subgroups, typified by the enzymes from Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, Klebsiella oxytoca and Bacillus subtilis. These systems differ in the nature and number of electron transfer cofactors bound by the catalytic bis-MGD subunit and by the nature of the probable electron donors to each enzyme (Moreno-Vivia et al., 1999). Two classes of assimilatory nitrate reductases are found in bacteria: the ferredoxin- or flavodoxin-dependent NAS and the NADH-dependent enzyme, the classification of which is based on the cofactor structure. Both types of NAS contain MGD cofactor and one N-terminal iron-sulfur cluster but are

Collected samples were introduced into tubes of freshly prepared cooled cooked meat medium and incubated anaerobically using a Gas pak anaerobic jar for 24 hours at 37Cº, subculture on Neomycin sulphate sheep blood agar plates for isolation of C. perfringens.

Next, Clostridium botulinum. It is gram positive bacillus, strict anaerobe, occur single or in pairs or chains, noncapsulated and motile. The phagocythosis of Clostridium botulinum is botulinum toxin is absorbed from the gut and carried through the blood to peripheral nerve synapses which its block release of acetylcholine. The virulence factor of Clostridium botulinum is released botulinum toxin which is the neurotoxin. It has serologically eight types such as A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G which affect the cholinergic system. The laboratory diagnose are the suspected food and the patient feces culture or serum toxin detection by mice inoculation after a week. The treatment of Clostridium botulinum is mainly supportive and horse antitoxin in

Patient complains of frequent diarrhea alternating with constipation, which has been going on for years due to Crohn’s disease. He also reports an ingrown toe nail and it is has been hurting for several weeks.