Lubricants
Lubricants as the name suggest, reduce friction between powder mix and the die walls during compression and ejection. They also prevents the mixed powders/ granules from sticking to the processing zone of the tablet press especially the punches and die. In some cases, lubricants reduce inter-particulate friction and thus, improve flow rates of powders or granules. The best lubricants are those with low shear strength but strong cohesive tendencies perpendicular to the line of shear.
Lubricants can be classified based on their solubility characteristics into
• Soluble lubricants e.g., Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Polyoxyethylene stearates, and Lauryl sulphate salts.
• Insoluble lubricants e.g., Magnesium stearate, glyceryl behenate,
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They may also increase the aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug substance in the gastrointestinal tract and, as a result, the rate of dissolution of the active agent will increase. It should be noted that the surfactants should not interact with the drug substance as this may affect the dissolution rate of the drug substance. Example of surfactant include sodium lauryl sulphate (One of the most popular surface-active agent that improves the wetting properties of hydrophobic tablets), Cetylpyridine chloride, glyceryl monooleate etc.
Conclusion
Excipients are essential in the formulation of tablet dosage forms as it ensures successful manufacturing process and quality of the resultant formulation. Proper selection of excipients and their relative concentrations in the formulation is important in development of a successful pharmaceutical formulation. Although excipient are often categorized as inert, preformulation studies can help determine how these excipient influence the stability, bioavailability, and processability of the dosage forms.
The need for acquiring more information and use standards for excipients has been recognized in a joint venture of the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The result is called the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. This reference work is now distributed widely throughout the world.
In experiment two, the drug Panacetin was separated by a series of chemical reactions into its three components: sucrose, aspirin, and an unknown active ingredient, either acetanilide or phenacetin. The purpose of this lab was to determine what percentages of each component is present in the pain-killer. The initial step was to dissolve Panacetin in dichloromethane. However, sucrose is insoluble in dichloromethane because organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents, and dichloromethane is an inorganic solvent, so only aspirin and the unknown dissolved. By using gravity filtration, sucrose was filtered from the solution and 0.30g of solid was collected.
The isolation of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine from Excedrin utilized the differing acidities and polarities of the three compounds. Extraction involved separating the three components by reacting them with HCL and NaOH, while thin layer chromatography involved separating the isolated compounds on a TLC plate. The binder was the first component extracted; followed by aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine was extracted last since it is a neutral and polar compound. The entire process can be seen in figure 1. The most utilized methods of extraction were gravity filtration and vacuum filtration which are displayed in figures 3 and 4 respectively. These methods were utilized to separate compounds based upon their differing
Separation and Purification of the Components of an Analgesic Tablet. Cora Bruno, Lab Section E. Aspirin, Caffeine and Acetaminophen were separated from four analgesic tablets of Excedrin using extraction techniques. 5% wt/vol NaHCO3, 4M HCL, ethyl acetate and deionized water were used to separate the three active components. MgSO4 was used to dry each extraction. Aspirin was isolated using a hot water bath and weighed to determine the percent theoretical recovery and the actual percent recovery of aspirin. After separation, Aspirin (ASA), Caffeine (CAF), and Acetaminophen (ACE) were purified and identified using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Standards and purified ASA, CAF, and ACE were spotted on the silica gel (stationary phase) of the
Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of theophylline anhydrous in conjunction with microcrystalline cellulose, led to the formation of the monohydrate form of the drug. This is significant because the monohydrate has slower dissolution than the anhydrous form of theophylline. Thus the method of manufacture is highly important as the study showed directly compressed pellets had better dissolution profiles. Also it shows the importance of the choice of excipients as pellets manufactured via wet granulation in the absence of microcrystalline cellulose showed similar release to that of directly anhydrous theophylline.
Antitussive drugs are one of the most extended formulations category in the world that use for supperessing cough and cold, for treating the symptoms of a cold or influenza and relief of cough(Allen and Popovich 2005)(Allen and Popovich 2005). Dextromethorphan (DXM).scheme 1.(o-3-methoxy- N-methylmorphinan) is a one of the older and popular antitussive drugs that used to treat the cold symptoms that effects centrally at the cough center to raise the threshold for coughing (Goodman 1990, Dale)(Goodman 1990, Dale)(Dale) DXM is also combined with other active ingredients like chloropheniramine and it could abuse or misuse for numbing and hallucinogenic such as LSD. (McFee, Mofenson, and Caraccio 2000, Mendelson 2001) (McFee, Mofenson, and Caraccio 2000, Mendelson 2001). therefore there is more concern about DXM determination in pharmaceutical dosage form. developing sensitive, simple, and rapid method for determination of DXM has been become an important target in control pharmaceutical dosage form.
Surfactants, also known as detergents, are molecules that have a non-polar end and a polar end. They can blend compounds that normally are not soluble in water alone. Substances that would normally stay separate in water will not when there is a surfactant mixed in with it. Phosphates are compounds that have a phosphate and an ionic charge. They work well against stains that have iron oxide in it.
Compounding is an important facet of pharmaceutics that allows the formulation of specific drugs for individual patients. The work done at compounding pharmacies permits the development of medicinal products for patients that cannot tolerate certain components from mass production pharmaceutical companies. These individuals may require uniquely compounded agents to be flavorless, preservative-free, dye-free, liquid, solid, or more. These specialty production facilities are necessary for therapy and an acceptable quality of life for individuals with specific needs. Recently, the patient-driven role of designer therapeutics that compounding pharmacies occupy was overshadowed when a manmade epidemic was produced a medical catastrophe when supposedly sterile materials were contaminated with infectious agents.1
Notwithstanding this, dosage forms or pharmaceutical kits/packages that embody a fixed dosage regime that do not involve “any professional decision-making have been accepted as patentable” (Abbvie, at para. 112]; CIPO).
The lab we did utilizes the varying acidity, polarity, and solubility of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine to teach undergraduate organic chemistry students a variety of laboratory techniques. The purpose of this lab was to use the properties of the active components in Excedrin to learn and apply the techniques of acid-base extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography. Utilizing these techniques, we were able to separate the three components of Excedrin, confirm their identities, and check the purity of our products. The theory behind the acid-base extraction we conducted is to use the acidity level of each of the components of Excedrin to separate them without using the common separation method of temperature changes. Acid-base extraction is used to isolate compounds by using ionic salts like K2HPO4 and KOH to make the compound water soluble then adding an acid like HCl to protonate the compound and make our desired product precipitate out since it returns the component back to neutral.
Encouraging and inspiring young minds have always been one of my favorite activities. In the past 4 years, I have had the opportunity to influence and teach new and upcoming FFA members. Such a contingency has been a responsibility not taken lightly by myself. Not only have I been teaching, I have. been learning alongside them. These young adults have taught me how to be a better leader and educator.
I read the “Flowers for Algernon”, and the main character of the story is Charlie Gordon. Charlie Gordon is a victim. A scene in the story that shows this characteristic is when Charlie is so excited to have an operation to make him smarter. What he does not realize is that the doctors are using him more in their experiment. Charlie also does not think about the risk of the operation at all.
Types of Bitumen Emulsions Bitumen emulsions are available in many different forms, either cationic or anionic, with varying breaking or setting rates and binder types and contents.
More gun control laws are needed to protect women from domestic abusers and stalkers. Five women are killed with firearms consistently in the United States. A lady 's danger of being killed increments 500% if a weapon is available amid a local question. Amid the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, 5,364 US warriors were murdered in real life between Oct. 7, 2001 and Jan. 28, 2015; somewhere around 2001 and 2012 6,410 ladies were slaughtered with a firearm by a close accomplice in the United States. A 2003 investigation of 23 crowded high-pay nations found that 86% of ladies killed by guns were in the United States and American ladies are 11.4 times more inclined to be the casualties of firearm crimes 57% of mass shootings included aggressive behavior at home. For instance, the 2011 mass shooting at a Seal Beach, CA hair salon supposedly started in view of the shooter 's guardianship fight with his ex who was a hairdresser at the salon. 31 states don 't forbid indicted offense stalkers from owning weapons and 41 states don 't compel sentenced local abusers from surrendering firearms they as of now own.76% of ladies killed and 85% of ladies who survived a murder endeavor by a private accomplice were stalked in the year prior to the murder or murder endeavor.
In the allegory Lord of the Flies the author, William Golding, describes some young boys’ experiences on an island with no parents, leading to their descent into savagery. One example Golding uses to portray their descent into savagery is when the boys’ encounters with real fear on the island. During this point in the novel, Ralph wants to have an important meeting with everyone on the island. He calls everyone with the conch, the object that symbolizes order, to talk about the most important rules he has on the island. While pondering about what he was talking about, Ralph begins to think, “…looking beyond them at nothing, remembering the beastie, the snake, the fire, the talk of fear,” (82).
The desire of improved health for the citizens of our nation has long been fundamental in promoting the use of vaccinations. As early as the 1800’s, vaccinations were beginning to be recognized as highly beneficial in abolishing deadly diseases and intense interest in developing useful vaccinations began. As more vaccinations were discovered and more individuals vaccinated, diseases such as polio, diphtheria, and smallpox no longer plagued populations and decimated nations. Combined vaccinations for multiple diseases were created, such as diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR). These vaccines have played an enormous role in improving the health of the people of our nation.