Solvent Methanol

The purpose of this experiment is to practice common organic laboratory techniques inside the lab to get one oriented to the basic methods of procedure that can be used for later experiments. This experiment involves the separation of benzoic acid from a more crude form, consisting of benzoic acid, methyl orange, a common acid/base indicator, and cellulose, a natural polymer of glucose (Huston, and Liu 17-24). The technique that is used to perform this separation is called extraction. Extraction is a systematic process of separating mixtures of compounds, taking advantage of the affinity differences of compounds to separate them (Padias 128-37). This technique recognizes the principle that “like dissolves in like,” that is,

In the beginning of this experiment, our TA added water, salt, and 75/25 hexane/acetone to spinach leaves to a blender and blended the mixture to assume equal amounts for each group and to avoid erros if each student had to do the blending. The addition of the water to the mixture allowed the it to separate into a distinct organic layer after being run in a centrifuge, which was available to be collected at the top of the centrifuge. Salt reduces solubility, which will force the organic parts of the mixture (the desired pigments for example) to separate into the organic layer at the top. Lastly, 75/25 hexane/acetone is added because this is a moderately polar solvent and will useful for both the non-polar and polar pigments present within the spinach leaves. A mixed solution of hexanes and acetone must be used because acetone is very polar, while hexane in very non-polar, and the spinach leaves contain both non-polar and polar pigments in them that are important in the extraction and for further analysis. The mixture was placed in the centrifuge so the solids in the mixture (mostly cellulose) could be separated from the liquids into separate distinct layers for further extraction and testing. In the tube, the organic substances separated into the top layer, whereas the water layer remains at the bottom of the tube below the solid layer made up of mainly cellulose.

The main purpose of this lab is to determine whether or not the number of carbon molecules relate to the amount of energy emitted measured through the temperature change over the course of 2 minutes. The main three tested fuels are fuels methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH). Based on those formulas, Propanol alcohol has 3 carbons, Ethanol alcohol has 2 carbons and methanol has 1 carbon. Based on the hypothesis mentioned above “If the number of Carbon molecules in the fuel increases, the amount of energy over 2 minutes is going to increase”. Based on the data shown above, propanol fuel had the most temperature change meaning that it burned with the most energy. Following that is ethanol fuel having the second greatest temperature

Should there be more plastics? No? Because a chinese-backed company plans to build a huge methanol plant in federal way backyard so China can make more plastic gadgets. Currently, the plant will have 1000 builders and then after it is built it will have 200 permanent job offers, we will be shipping the methanol to china. In my opinion I disagree because methanol is very dangerous and hazardous to our health and oceans.

An ethos reflux microwave extractor (1000 W, Frequency 2450 MHz, Milestone, Italy) was used for the extraction. The extraction process was done in an enclosed vessels and no evaporation was observed. 10 g of homogeneous powdered Vernonia amygdalina leaf samples was mixed with a measured quantity of extracting solvent (distilled water or ethanol). The mixture was loaded into the microwave extractor and the parameters were set. After the extraction process, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was then dried using a rotary evaporator and stored in a 4 ºC prior to further

The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid (p-toulic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol), and a neutral compound (acetanilide). Extraction is the process of selectively dissolving one or more of the compounds of a mixture into an appropriate solvent, the solution that contains these dissolved compounds is called an extract (Manion, 2004).

Methanolic extraction and hot water extraction were performed in duplicate for all tea samples. To prepare the methanolic extraction, 25 ml of methanol was added to 1 g of tea sample. For complete extraction, ultrasonication was performed for 15 minutes at room temperature. Following ultrasonication, tea samples were filtered through 0.45 µm cellulose acetate membrane filter (VMR International) and stored at -20oC until analyses. In addition to the methanolic extracts, hot water extraction was performed to mimic the homemade tea preparation. To prepare the hot water extraction, 1 g of tea sample was dissolved in 25 ml freshly boiled water and incubated for 7 minutes in a covered glass bottle and stirred three times with

Fresh methanol, Stream 1, is combined with recycled reactant, Stream 14, and vaporized prior to being sent to a fixed bed reactor operating between 250C and 368C. The single pass conversion of methanol in the reactor is 80%. The reactor effluent, Stream 7, is then cooled prior to being sent to the first of two distillation columns, T-201 and T-202. DME product is taken overhead from the first column. The second column separates the water from the unused methanol. The methanol is recycled back to the front end of the process, while the water is sent to waste water treatment to remove trace amounts of organic compounds.

Although they are one of the most ancient practices of medicine, certain herbal supplements have no impact on the body while others do. Herbs are a type of plant, but the “stem of an herb is not as hardy, [and does not have a] woody structure” which makes herbs easy to consume (“Herbs”). Because herbs do not have a woody structure they have the capacity to be consumed in various ways. In the past herbs were consumed as tea, although this practice is still in effect; people prefer consuming herbs via extractions. One of the most popular methods of extraction is the whole herb method “which asserts that all of a plant’s compounds contribute to its ability to heal and protect health [;]” this method ensures that one receives the purest form of the natural herb (Ogden). Purity is a standard that many companies swear by, and herbal companies are no different. Herb Pham, for example, is a very popular liquid herbal supplement; liquid forms of any type of remedy are known to be absorbed by the body quickest, but the companies research shows that many of the types of herbs they sell have little to no effect on the body. One of the

Methylsulfonylmethane, which is also known as MSM, is an organic type of sulfur. It is found in all living organisms. It is also found inside of tissue and body fluids. MSM is naturally found in fruit, vegetables, meat and milk. However, drying, heating and processing our food removes this essential nutrient. That is why people are often advised to take MSM in the form of a supplement.

The extraction of the active constituents from the leaves by chewing is very effective with only 9.1% remaining as a residue after chewing. The second adsorptive segment is the stomach and small intestine (Toennes et al.,

When we tested the solubility of the starting materials, we found that all of our starting materials were soluble in hexanes, ethyl acetate, and acetone, which makes sense because all of these solutions are organic materials, so the starting materials should form London dispersion forces with them all, and the reaction should occur. Enthalpy should not care about whether the reaction occurs or not because either way it has London dispersion forces, but entropy would drive the reaction because it always wants a more random orientation, as explained above when describing enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. Interestingly, none of the starting materials were soluble in methanol. Methanol is an organic solution and contains hydrogen bonding, so

As mentioned in the discussion, olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard were soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. This is due to the chemical composition of polar and nonpolar substances which results from the molecular shape as well as properties of dissolving solutes in solution. Polar substances are hydrophilic and contain polar Van Der Waals interactions (intermolecular forces) such as dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic and contain non-polar Van Der Waals interactions. ‘Like dissolve like’ is the reason only polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and why nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Molecules with similar polarity have similar intermolecular forces and therefore, can interact with each, or in this case dissolve9. Additionally, the solubility of a compound is determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Long hydrocarbon chains such as the one found in oleic acid makes a compound more insoluble10. Therefore, since the lipids used in this experiment were hydrophobic substances and each lipid has long hydrocarbon chains, the results were consistent with the scientific literature and principles.

The extract exhibited a marked effects in DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay. 27The ethanol extracts of both stem and root has shown in-vitro antioxidant activity, respectively using Spectrophotometric method by DPPH, H2O2 free radical scavenging, metal chelating and ferric ion reducing power assay. Both the extracts showed potent antioxidant activity in all models. The IC50 values were found comparable with ascorbic acid and the reducing ability of root ethanol extract.25 The ethyl-alcohol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts obtained from leaves and flowering tops of two marjoram Hungary and Egypt showed antioxidant activity in vitro by Spectrophotometric and Chemilaminometric method methods using DPPH and Rancimat methods.

Plants samples were washed with tap water for three to four times and removed all dust and soil particles, and finally washed with distilled water. Then leaves of both plants (Coriander & Mint) were plug off and was cut with clean knife and made their small pieces and kept them in tray dryer in open environment for dryness. Both the samples were dried completely after seven days then their homogenized fine powder were obtained (60-80 mesh), by using a commercial electric grinder. The powdered material was stored in air tight sterilized bottles in refrigerator at 4°C for further use.