Somatic Cell Cloning Blg Protein Milk

Unlike some movies, cloning in real life doesn’t produce a full grown exact replica of someone. A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born (“What Is Cloning?”). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and make the egg cell divide into a blastocyst (“What Is Cloning?”).

that goes into creating a clone. First, scientist remove a somatic cell from an animal that they

Congratulations! Calf X and Calf Z were produced by SCNT technology, while Calf Y was produced via sperm-egg fertilization. The pattern of genetic inheritance showed that Calf X was genetically identical to somatic cell nucleus donor C and that Calf Z was genetically identical to somatic cell nucleus donor B. Calf Y was not genetically identical to any of the somatic cell nucleus donors but shared at least one chromosome in common with an egg donor.

Everybody has their own opinion on whether rBGH affects human health or not. On one side of the debate, people say that rBGH isn’t a problem. For example, in 1994, the FDA prohibited dairies from claiming there is any difference between milk from rBGH-injected cows and milk produced without the artificial hormone. However many studies have proved the FDA otherwise. Such as a study done by the National Cancer Society, they stated that the levels of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) in rBGH-treated milk are significantly high. High levels of IGF-1 have shown an increase chance in developing cancer. This may prompt the question, “What are we doing to stop this.” Currently, there is a campaign called The Millions Against Monsanto Campaign. This campaign is working to stop Monsanto, and other corporations, from making and selling rBGH to farmers, because of the effects it has on cows, humans, and the environment. However, there is so much more that could be done to solve this

Therapeutic cloning, which is also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is a type of cloning that produces embryonic stem cells to use in replacing or repairing damaged tissues or organs. This type of cloning does not clone humans or any animals.

They were able to identify exactly what gene produced the protein but did not know what else that gene was responsible for or how that gene might effect other processes or other things that the particular gene coded for. This could have been over looked had the cow’s milk not had an unusual increase in other proteins such as caesium proteins which had more than a 200% increase. The cow was also born without a tail and this could also be due to the reduced expression of the gene. Other biological implications could also not have yet been discovered or realised and as there is a large increase in caesium proteins this may not be healthy for the cow or its possible offspring. The indication that levels of the caesium protein has changed could also mean decreases in others that could dramatically effect the cows health. Whether it will live a regular, decreased or increased lifespan has not yet been determined but unexpected or strange results of this could be due to the lack or increase of proteins, gene function, process ability or many other biological functions that would occur without the knockdown of the gene. BGL is not found in human breast milk and not in many milk producing mammals. The exact purpose of it is still unknown which again but the biological processes of Daisy or her off spring at risk. Gene

If we continue human cloning, scientists hypothesize that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) will be the way. SCNT begins when doctors take an egg from a female donor. Once they remove the nucleus, the create an enucleated egg. A DNA cell is taken from the human being cloned. Next, the enucleated fuses with the subject's cell. This will create an embryo that is implanted in the mother. If the attempt was a success, the mother gives birth to the clone. However the success rate is only one or two out of 100

The technique used in the cloning of Daisy the cow is called Cloning by Nuclear Transfer, or SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer). Daisy was cloned from an initial cow following the use of gene knockdown to silence the expression of the BLG protein. SCNT involves ‘whole organism’ cloning. This technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. Somatic cell nuclear transfer can create clones for both reproductive and therapeutic purposes. "Therapeutic cloning" refers to the potential use of SCNT in regenerative medicine, cloning tissue rather than cloning an entire animal.

(SCNT) is the most widely recognized cloning procedure. SCNT includes putting the core of a body cell into an egg from which the core has been emptied. This delivers a clonal embryo, which is activated to start creating with chemicals or electricity. Putting this cloned embryo into the uterus of a female creature and conveying it to term makes a clone, with qualities indistinguishable to those of the creature from which the first body cell was taken.

All around the world infants are drinking cow’s milk from early years many infants and even children and some adults have allergies to a certain protein in the cow’s milk that breast milk doesn’t contain. This protein is called BLG. Scientists in New Zealand worked are trying to find a solution to this problem. They have started on creating a genetically modified cow that produces milk without this protein. This would then lead to creating a herd of cows that are producing offspring

When reducing the expression of the gene that is responsible for producing the BLG protein scientists did not 100% know what exactly it was that they were reducing. They were able to identify exactly what gene produced the protein but did not know what else that gene was responsible for or how that gene might effect other processes or other things that the particular gene coded for. This could have been over looked had the cow’s milk not had an unusual increase in other proteins such as caesium proteins which had more than a 200% increase. The cow was also born without a tail and this could also be due to the reduced expression

The cell grows into a normal egg and the egg grows into a normal baby that is then born (Tamang). The third way a clone can be created is the “Honolulu Technique.” It is the most recent and most effective technique. Donor nuclei are enucleated and inserted into egg cells. There is no vitro (fertilization of an egg in a laboratory dish or test tube) like nuclear transfer. The egg cells are placed in a chemical culture to jumpstart the cell’s growth, just like fertilization in nature. The cells develop into embryos which will be transplanted into a surrogate mother and born like a normal baby ("Three Ways…”).

Cows produce a protein in their milk called BLG and many infants are allergic to this protein. Two to three hundred infants are allergic to cow’s milk, and BLG allergies are seemingly a large part of this. Various organizations are trying to investigate ways to manipulate the genetic material in the modified dairy cattle with the main goal of producing milk that doesn’t contain the lethal BLG protein. Daisy is a genetically modified cloned cow and whom does not produce milk containing the BLG protein but does however have the gene for it. But the mRNA for the BLG protein has become nonfunctional. Once the protein has been manipulated the cow containing the modified gene is cloned to produce a calf with the same genetic material. This cloned cow will then not produce the protein. This technique is very useful to produce a herd without the protein to gather more milk. Because of this protein produced (BLG) this causes a lot of people and infants to become very sick and ill. Therefore by creating a herd of cows using the processes of Gene Knockdown and Cloning this would not only cut out the lethal protein of BLG, but this will also create cows that don’t possess the BLG protein and therefore creating healthy milk for all to drink.

In reproductive cloning the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of an adult individual. The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The procedure is as follows:

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is currently being utilised for cloning of adult farm animals. This process involves the reprogramming of a somatic cell nucleus to preform in a set way for embryonic development to occur. The first stage of SCNT involves the collection of a somatic cell using cumulus, fibroblasts, ovarian/ granulosa, marry, muscle, oviduct or uterine cells (Davies et al, 2003). An oocytes arrested at metaphase II is used for the reprograming of the somatic cell as it comprises the necessary components for starting and instructing early embryonic development. After collection