Some Textile Dyes By Pleurotus Citrinopileatus And Aspergillus Niger

On the other hand, polyester is a manmade Fiber so you have more creativity with it. ´hey can be engineered a certain way with a specific end use. Many chemicals are involved

They are used extensively in the dye and printing industries, and 5-10% of the dyestuffs are lost in the industrial effluents (Sanroman et al., 2005). As for textile industries billions of littles of aqueous waste streams are generated every day. These effluents usually posses colour, high electrolyte concentration and a substantial amount of residual dyes that can produce environmental issues and problems. Colour is usually the first contaminant to be recognized in wastewater; a very small amount of dye in water (10-20 mg/l) is also highly visible and affects water transfarency and gas solubility of water bodies (Cameselle et al.,2005). These contaminated wastewater must first and foremost be treated before being released into the environment to avoid pollution and adverse impact. The treated wastewater must comply with the environmental regulatory standards set by the

In the United States and in most of the world food dyes are exceedingly common. In addition to this, they have been brought into question as being dangerous for human and environmental health. From general observation and knowledge about this topic I knew that Red #40 dye (Allura Red AC) is at the height of this controversy. After some initial research, I discovered more information on Azo dyes, their effect on the environment, as well as wastewater treatment used to decontaminate water containing these dyes. This led to my interest on the topic of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) as a fairly recent solution to environmental issues regarding contaminants in water. I was curious to see how these processes work, as well as

We dipped the forceps in isopropyl alcohol to sterilize them. Then we quickly opened the petri dishes, inserted the substrate, and reclosed them to avoid contamination from airborne particles. To keep the environment moist, we added 1 mL of water to the petri dish. We shook the tube to ensure that we received an adequate number of spores. Using a micropipette, we took 50 microliters of each species of fungi: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Each fungus was placed onto the orange peel in the petri dish. We then sealed each of the petri dishes with parafilm, taped them together, and then placed them in an incubator at 25°C. The samples remained in there for 1 week. After the week, we took them out of the incubator, and making sure not to open them, we observed the growth of each fungus. All of the petri dishes and samples were then disposed

≤ 0.05, + Injured berries inoculated with the living bacterial cells at 1x108 CFU mL-1 followed by challenge with different Aspergillus sp. at1x104 CFU mL-1 after 72 h and kept at 20 oC, ++ Intact berries suspended in the suspension of living bacterial cells at 1x108 CFU mL-1, injured and challenged with different Aspergillus sp. at1x104 spores/ mL-1 after 72 h and kept at 20 oC, +++ Intact berries suspended in the crude cell extract from freeze-dried and thawed bacterial cell suspensions at 1x108 CFU mL-1, injured and challenged with different Aspergillus sp. at1x104 CFU mL-1 after 72 h and kept at 20 oC.

Table 4.20 and Table 4.21 shows the readings for the test conducted at pH11 for cationic and anionic dye solutions. From the readings it was seen that least color removal of 81.49% for cationic dye and 70.21% for anionic dye was obtained at WTR dose of 120mg/L at pH11 for both the set of dyes. From the Figure 4.17 and Figure 4.18 also it can be seen that minimum color removals were obtained at WTR dose of 20mg/L. Therefore it can be said that the best color removal was obtained at pH3 and as the pH increases color removal. However from pH 7 to pH9 there was marginal increase in color

Use of the artificial coloration of the foods was common even in ancient times. Many of colorants that contained toxic inorganic salts, were used to mask inferior or spoiled foods. Later, in the mid18000s, when there was a rapid development and use of scientific instruments, scientists made the first synthetic dye from coal tar. Therefore, organic-based dyes began to replace toxic mineral salts. No investigations were done to identify the safety of these dyes and, as a result of this, there were many health problems in people. In 1906,

Abstract. Peroxidase is an enzyme whose main function is to break down hydrogen peroxide. It is rich in content in the organism Brassica rapa, or the turnip. The purpose of this study was to investigate and observe the effects of pH, temperature conditions and the inhibitor Hydroxylamine on Peroxidase ‘s ability to break down Hydrogen Peroxide. By observing the absorbance change of different solutions of differing concentrations of Peroxidase, pH5 buffer and Guaiacol, a color changing dye enzyme activity was measured. Each solution was exposed to a unique temperature, pH or Hydroxylamine. The temperatures tested were 5℃,

The effects of temperature on fungal amylase Aspergillus oryzae, and bacterial amylase, Bacillus licheniformis ability to break down starch into maltose was studied. The study determined the optimal temperature the Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus licheniformis was able to break down the fastest. The starch catalysis was monitored by an Iodine test, a substance that turns blue-black in the presence of starch. Amylase catabolizes starch polymers into smaller subunits. Most organisms use the saccharide as a food source and to store energy (Lab Manual, 51). The test tubes were labeled with a different temperature (0°C, 25°C, 55°C, 85°C). Each test tube was placed in its respective water baths for five minutes. After the equilibration process, starch was placed in the first row of the first row of the spot plate. Iodine was then added to the row revealing a blue black color. The starch was then added to the amylase. After every two minute section a pipette was used to transfer the starch-amylase solution to place three drops of the solution into the spot plate row under the corresponding temperature. Iodine drops was placed in the row. Color changes were noted and recorded. The results showed Aspergillus oryzae was found to have an optimal temperature between 25°C and 55°C and Bacillus licheniformis was found to have an

Goal: The first goal of today’s laboratory is to separate components of spinach dyes using different eluants. The four eluants will be using are ethanol, chloroform, 9:1 petroleum ether : ethanol, and petroleum ether. The second goal of the lab is to separate fluorine and fluorenone by column chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to measure the polarity and separate the components in the mixtures. TLC was chosen because of its simplicity, high sensitivity, and speedy separation. For each part of the lab, we measured the retention factor on the TLC plate. To measure the retention factor, we used the formula:

After the treatment they are released into waterways. The treatment the water goes through will break down most chemicals used in cleaning products, but some dangerous chemicals remain. When these chemicals are released back into streams, they may cause damage to fish and other wildlife, and affect the quality of the water. A study in 2002 found that 69% of streams in the US contained detergent metabolites (Organicconsumers.org, 2016). Substances found in standard detergents include artificial fragrances, which are made of petroleum and cause loss of algae growth and marine life. Optical brighteners are added to detergents, these are made from chemicals which are extremely toxic to fish, and are not biogradable (1st-ecofriendlyplanet.com,

Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic[1] fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.[2] It is best known for its colonisation of cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage, and/or transit. A. flavus infections can occur while hosts are still in the field (preharvest), but often show no symptoms (dormancy) until postharvest storage and/or transport. In addition to causing preharvest and postharvest infections, many strains produce significant quantities of toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which, when consumed, are toxic to mammals.[3] A. flavus is also an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, causing aspergillosis in immunocompromised

Lignin is composed of non-phenolic and phenolic structures. White-rot basidiomycetes such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Trametes Trogii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Irpex lacteus, Fomes fomentarius and Cerrena maxima have been found to be the most efficient lignin-degrading microorganisms studied. It has been reported that lignin degrading fungi secreted enzymes collectively termed “ligninases” (Figure 2). These include two ligninolytic families; phenol oxidases (laccases) and peroxidases [lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase (VP)]. In delignification process, ligninolytic enzymes have been applied in different methods as fungal delignification, enzymatic delignification, laccase-mediator system (LMS), and integrated fungal fermentation (IFF) (Angel, 2002; Martin, 2002; Pérez et al., 2002; Alcalde, 2007; Hammel and Cullen, 2008; Plácido and Capareda, 2015). Lignolytic peroxydases

Ozone is a highly-oxidative chemical known to be capable of degrading many types of organic contaminants, including both chemicals and organisms. It is known in the grain industry to be useful for disinfecting cereals without affecting quality of the cereal. This includes microbial inactivation, killing pests, degrading certain pesticides and fungicides, and mycotoxins (Tiwari et al. 2010). Ozone also has an important role in the treatment of wastewater for similar reasons. It is used in the treatment train at both the Alfred Merritt Smith and River Mountains treatment plants in Las Vegas (SNWA 2014). The ozonation processes in these plants kill off bacteria and microorganisms by bubbling ozone into the wastewater. As ozone dissipates within several minutes, no residue is left after treatment, though certain disinfection byproducts can potentially be formed depending on the constituents in the wastewater, and the placement of ozonation in the treatment train (Gerrity et al. 2010).

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.