Sophia Mitochondria Research Paper

This proto-mitochondria lived on the surface of the host cell. They propose that a “new cell” or “eocyte” formed “blebs” (membrane bound extracellular protusions) that encapsulated or enveloped the proteobacteria. These blebs facilitated material exchange with the ectosymbiotic proto-mitochondria. The expansion of the blebs around the proto-mitochondria is what formed the cytoplasm. When the protomitochondria pass through the blebs, they obtain a second membrane. The nucleus is continuous with the outermembrane (proto-nucelus). The continuous spaces between the blebs then gave rise to the endoplasmic reticulum (proto-ER). A continuous plasma membrane was formed based on fusion of the blebs that isolated the functioning system within the cell away from the environment. This proposed hypothesis is driven by

Assay of succinate dehydrogenase of after isolation of mitochondria in Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) using differential centrifugation.

Mitochondria are small organelles found in eukaryotic cells which respire aerobically. They are responsible for generating energy from food to ‘power the cell’. They contain their own DNA, reproducing by dividing in 2. As they closely resemble bacteria, it gave the idea that they were derived from bacteria (which were engulfed by ancestors of the eukaryotes we know today). This idea has since been confirmed from further investigations, and it is now widely accepted. (Alberts et al., 2010a)

7. The theory of endosymbiosis says that mitochondria and plastids used to be small prokaryotes living within larger cells. The prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids were bacteria engulfed by a larger cell. Because they both benefited from this situation, the bacteria living inside the cell was passed down from generation to generation. The evidence is that mitochondria reproduce and move independently within the cell.

“Mitochondriaaa, praaay for us,” mocked my fifth grade classmate, bent on driving our science teacher insane. I was only 11 years old, but at that moment, learning about mitochondria in my tiny classroom, I became transfixed. Throughout my life, I’ve recognized two constants: a love for science and a passion for learning. Whether learning about the physical forces governing a sunset, the sociological impact on schizophrenia, or the pathogenesis of bacterial diseases, I am captivated by science. However, one question always lingered in the back of my mind: How am I going to harness my passion to benefit the world around me? Becoming a physician seemed to be the obvious answer, yet doubts clouded that notion. However, when I immersed myself in diverse medical experiences, and pursued the passion within me, all doubts ceased. As my experiences increased, my desire to attend medical school flourished.

DNA phenotyping serves to determine the physical attributes of a specific individual based off of genetic material that was left behind at a crime scene. By being able to determine physical traits such as hair color, eye color, height and skin pigmentation researchers can narrow in on the appearance of a person who committed a crime. This is crucial in forensic genetics who’s geneticists play a vital role in investigating crimes and in turn play a

The Endosymbiotic theory is an assumption based on experience and/or limited information about the evolution of the cell. Bacteria are one of the oldest single cellular organisms. They began to make their own food using photosynthesis which then produced enough oxygen to reshape Earth 's atmosphere. This change brought upon diverse bacterial life which include clear evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria were, at one point, crude bacterial cells. Over the years, chloroplasts and mitochondria became dependent on a host cell. After millions of years of evolution, chloroplasts and mitochondria cannot survive outside of the cell. This is the Endosymbiotic theory. Although this is labeled a theory, there is striking evidence that shows similarities in both bacteria, and mitochondria and chloroplasts. They all have their own DNA (separate from the nucleus), and they both use this DNA to produce proteins and enzymes for their functions.

Electrons are passed between the complexes of the electron transport chain and enable the cells to generate energy. The first complex accepts the electrons that are produced from the degradation of the food we eat. As it passes the electrons to the third complex in the chain protons (positively charged hydrogen atoms) are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane. At complex three the electrons from complex one are joined by others donated by complex two. Complex three passes these electrons onto complex four and in the process moves more protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Within complex four the electrons are joined to oxygen to produce water, alongside one final movement of protons. Since so many protons have now been moved across the membrane the amount of them is higher on one side of the membrane than the other, this creates a gradient. Complex five then uses this gradient to produce ATP. The proton gradient rotates this final complex and with each rotation an ATP is made. For every cycle of the electron transport chain over 30 ATPs are produced, this shows how efficient energy generation is within the

Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles that can be considered the power generators of a cell. They convert oxygen and nutrients into ATP. In turn, ATP powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions that allow the cell to function. Without mitochondria, certain cells would not be able to work and do their job. The cells would not be able to obtain enough energy to survive. A cell’s mitochondria relates to workers because they supply the cell with energy, just like how workers supply their energy to do their job. The mitochondria in a cell are responsible for providing energy so the cell can function, like how workers do certain tasks to keep the business thriving. Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. However, they are found in

The second important endosymbiotic event occurred as a result, in the acquisition of mitochondria by the earliest eukaryotes (Avissar et al., 2016). Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, and for a long time it was believed that they were simply organelles. But much like plastids in photoreactive eukaryotes, the evidence points to mitochondria having been absorbed by early eukaryotes, forming a symbiotic relationship in which the larger cell protected the smaller and provided a ready source of nutrients, and in turn the mitochondria allowed the larger cells to process all of the new molecular oxygen as an energy source to promote glycolysis (Cooper, 2000).

What it is: Mitochondria are a part of eukaryotic cells and it takes in nutrients from the body and breaks it down and then it eventually turns it into energy.

Due to our anthropocentric idealism, our illusion of nature, we forget that we, as organisms, are microscopically inexistent. To Thomas, “we are not made up, as we had always supposed, of successively enriched packets of our own parts,” but rather “we are shared, rented, occupied [as] the interior of our cells, driving them, providing the oxidative energy that sends us out for the improvement of each shining day, are the mitochondria” (1). Our cell’s mitochondria are the progeny of symbionts that fused with our ancestral cells in order to take advantage of our metabolic processes. To Thomas, humans are the conglomeration, the composition of “centrioles, basal bodies, and probably a good many other more obscure tiny . . . each with its own genome, [which] are as foreign, and as essential, as aphids in anthills” (2).

“The world’s first baby to be born from a new procedure that combines the DNA of three people appears...” The online article “DNA of Three People” discusses a procedure and case study of a mitochondrial transfer in Mexico. A young woman carries the genes for the fatal Leigh syndrome and is unable to have healthy children. After having three miscarriages and losing three children, due to the syndrome, she finally reached out to Dr. John Zhang.

Fertility doctors have discovered a new procedure for women who have mitochondrial diseases and want to have healthy children. The procedure is called a mitochondrial transfer, using the DNA of both parents and a mitochondria from a donor. This process is not used often and it is not very well known in the United States. A procedure similar to this one was used in the 1990s and was unsuccessful, this new idea leaves people questioning if this one will be better than the last. The procedure of having a baby with the DNA of three people should not be used because this case is one of the first successful attempts and this process is only legal in two countries.

In this study, mitochondrial trafficking velocity, distance travelled, abundance and localization were all compared between WT and RTT neurons. Furthermore, the effects on mitochondrial trafficking velocity and distance travelled of SW-100 were also examined. Observations showed no significant difference in the number of mitochondria/µm2 around the soma or in the ratio of moving mitochondria between WT and RTT neurons. In addition, there was no significant difference in the distance travelled by mitochondria between WT and RTT mitochondria, however, WT mitochondria travelled significantly faster than RTT mitochondria. Mitochondrial trafficking velocity was not to be significantly affected by 1 µM of SW-100 in either