Sordaria Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment is to determine which stimuli sowbugs prefer more, moist or dark. However, to confirm that sowbugs prefer dark and moist environments we had to create an experiment to prove this. We proved sowbugs prefer dark environments by using a lamp to create a light environment and cardboard over half the petri dish to create the dark environment; the sowbugs chose the dark side. Then we proved sowbugs preferred moist environments over dry ones by creating a wet environment on one side and a dry environment on the other side of the petri dish. After our final experiment, we were able to determine that sowbugs prefer the dark stimuli over moist stimuli.

Out of a total from 26 sequences only 6 were made up of 4‘s while 20 were composed of different structures of 2‘s. This tells us that 77% of the asci showed crossing over while 23% did not.

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

The combinations of 4:4, 2:2:2:2, and 2:4:2 can arise through crossing-over (Burpee et al., 2015). A 2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2 combination indicates crossing-over while 4:4 signifies the recombination did not occur. This process occurs during prophase I of meiosis between Wild Type and Tan isolates crossing-over (Burpee et al., 2015). It was initially thought that recombination was random; however, research from the Evolution Canyons shows that S. fimicola is, indeed, affected by the environment (Burpee et al., 2015). This could possibly be from radiation; however, research in this area is sparse. Certain species of fungi have shown increased resistance to radiation (Saleh, Mayo, & Ahearn, 1988), but studies on S. fimicola have not been documented. Based on this information, I hypothesize that when S. fimicola isolates are exposed to X-ray radiation the crossing-over frequency will increase. To test this theory one Tan and one Wild Type sample (with different combinations of x-ray radiation) was placed in a petri dish diagonal from each other. This was repeated to create four quadrants. The S. fimicola isolates were incubated for two weeks to produce perithecia (Burpee et al.,

One containing wild type (WT) and the other having long (lon) C. elegans in order to identify males on each plate. Next, two new agar plates with E. coli as a food source for the nematodes were obtained and labeled with the phenotypes to be used for each cross. For plate 1, a single long hermaphrodite was found and with a heat sterilized worm pick, transferred to the new plate. From the WT parent plate, nine males were moved into plate 1 within close proximity of the hermaphrodite to help ensure fertilization. This cross was made because would show which is the dominant trait based. On plate 2, five long males were taken from the lon parent plate and placed along with a single wild type hermaphrodite from the WT parent plate. This cross was made to see if the trait was sex linked or not. This was followed by each plate being resealed with parafilm and given to the instructor to be put in storage until the following

My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

Abstract: This experiment was exploring our curiosity of sowbugs and their preferences. Our main question was about how the sowbugs natural diet can affect their preference for sodium chloride also known as table salt and glucose which is also known as sugar. The experiment involved testing how much time each sowbug spent in each substance when in a tray with both salt and sugar on opposite sides.

The wild type (WT) and most common color is black, while the mutant type (T) is a lighter tan spore. Each spore must be carefully analyzed along a chain of eight to accurately determine if cross-over played a role in the creation of the ascus. Three different forms of ascus are possible through sexual reproduction of separate hyphae. The different forms are caused by chromosomal cross-over when homologous pairs attach during Prophase I of meiosis. An ascus showing a 4:4 ration of WT to T spores represents an ascus that did not undergo any cross-over. There are two different patterns of cross-over found in Sordaria with the ratios of 2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2 (WT to T spores or vice versa). The different ratios are determined by which sister chromatid that genetic information was crossed over, the ends of the chromosomes being the most

There were eight different phenotypes among the progeny. The highest phenotypic frequency was the w+m+f+ at 40% of the progeny. The lowest was the w+mf+ with only 2 % of the progeny (Table 3). The sum of the recombinant frequencies between genes, table 4, was used to determine the gene distance. The recombinant frequency was determined by counting the number of individuals whose genes differed from that of the parental type. For example, how many individuals white eye gene, and miniature wing gene, differed from both wild-type or both mutants. Recombination occurred between the white and miniature gene 33 times. Recombination occurred between the miniature and the forked genes 31 times. Recombination occurred between the white and forked genes 44 time. Double recombination occurred 10 times. Therefore, genes w and f are 64 m.u. apart, m and w are 33 m.u. apart, and m and f are 31 m.u. apart (Figure

An unknown was given to our group from the professor. The unknown was in nutrient broth, the group received unknown number 3. And the task was to identify the unknown and try to make an educated guess, and identify the unknown #3.

Hybrids, as the product of two different species and therefore two different reproductive systems, are usually sterile. Sterility is not determined by physical traits but rather the structure of the reproductive system. Examples have proven that there are many possible reasons behind sterility, many of which are still unknown, and so sterility cannot be an accurate way to determine species and relationships between

This table helps show all the possible genotypes from one set of parents. The table shows that the genotypes purple and starchy are dominant, and the genotypes yellow and sweet are recessive.(stallsmith)