Sound Production Treatment

NSOMEs delineate from phonetic placement and sound modification procedures that are used in traditional articulation therapy due to the fact that they are not directly related to the act of speech (Muttiah, Georges, & Brackenbury, 2011). Phonetic treatments also target

W.C., a 26 year 11 month old woman, was brought to the Florida Atlantic University-Communication Disorders Clinic (FAU-CDC) by her boyfriend for a Speech-Language Evaluation. She was referred to the FAU-CDC by her neurologist for word finding difficulties and a possible articulation disorder after a left hemisphere hemorrhagic stroke one month ago. According to her boyfriend, W.C.’s symptoms began immediately following her stroke and are characterized by word finding difficulties, slowed and choppy speech, and mispronunciation of certain consonants that is affecting intelligibility along with a strained voice.

On the articulation subtest of the DEAP X produced errors /ϴ/→ /f/, /ð/ → /d/ in all positions, as well as /k/→ /t/ and /g/→ /d/ in initial position. She also produced /ts/ → /tʃ/ in the final position of a word. X produced lateralizations of /ʃ/ and /s/ in all positions. The phonology subtest assess phonological processes in both single words and connected speech. On the phonology subtest she demonstrated fronting of /k/→ /t/ in initial position and blends. The single word-connected speech subtest indicated inconsistent errors when fronting /t/→ /k/. The scores based on the three subtests indicate the client produces distortions of /s/ and /sh/, as well as typical simplifications for /k/, /g/, /ϴ/, and /ð/

We need to expand the Apraxia bubble to the parents who aren't affected by it, to the teachers who know nothing about it, and to the speech professionals who somehow do not know about it. The rewards alone in connecting the Apraxia community to the non-Apraxia community are incredible and slowly, but surely it CAN be done.

Child hood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder that affects children’s ability to say sounds, syllables, and words. The brain has trouble coordinating muscle movements that are needed for speech. The child knows exactly what to speak, but the brain has trouble coordinating the muscle movements. It is different for every person that has this type of disorder. In some other cases, it can be an unknown cause, meaning it can happen out of the blue, or by mutations. One of the articles is based off of reliability and validity testing and scoring by the Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skills, while the other has different assessments that were tested and transcribed.

If my partner was an actual client, I would not recommend treatment based on her formal articulation assessment performance from the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale, Third Revision. The client’s hypothetical age was 3 years, 10 months, and 27 days old. This put her in the 3-11 age category. Although, my partner did produce some errors. She was intelligible, and scored 85.0 to 94 on the speech intelligibility interpretation values. According to her Arizona-3 total score, her level of articulatory impairment was within normal limits. The errors she produced consisted of instances of /f/ for / θ/, velar fronting with /k/ for /t/, gliding, and depalatization. She produced /tw/ for /tr/, /pw/ for /pl/, /w/ for /l/, /w/ for /r/, and /gw/ for

There are many different language delays and disorders found in the pediatric population. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is one of the most common of these disorders. Dr. Libby Kumin defines CAS as “a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty planning, coordinating, producing and sequencing speech sounds” (Kumin, n.d.). Apraxia does not occur because of weakness or paralysis of facial and oral muscles. It occurs when a child’s brain cannot properly plan the movement of body parts necessary for normal speech production (“Childhood Apraxia,” 2011). Though CAS is the most common name for this specific disorder, it is also referred to as a variety of other names. Some of these names include: dyspraxia, developmental

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Clinical Implications: Minimal-contrast treatment is effective and efficient for treating children with phonological disability. Avoiding listener confusion is motivating for suppressing process use.

Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are parts of the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. “Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage”. (Sarno 23)

Aphasia is a language disorder that can be the result of a brain injury. An individual that is suffering from aphasia may experience difficulty speaking, writing, reading, or comprehending. There are three different types of Aphasia that differ in various ways. First, Wernicke’s Aphasia is the inability to grasp the meaning of words and sentences that have been produced by another individual. This type of aphasia is also known as “fluent aphasia” or “receptive aphasia”. Wernicke patients’ speech may come across like a jumble of words or jargon, but it is very well articulated and they have no issue producing their own connected speech. If the patient is consecutively making errors, it is common for them to be unaware of their difficulties, and not realize that their sentences don’t make sense. The severity of the disorder varies depending on the patient, and the disorder results form damage in the left posterior temporal region of the brain, which is also known as Wernicke’s area.

In order to look at the efficacy of this treatment method a research study was selected that measured the results of using this treatment approach. Treating Speech Subsystems in Childhood Apraxia of Speech with Tactical Input: The Prompt Approach, written by Philip S. Dale and Deborah A. Hayden is a peer reviewed article published in 2013 in the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. The study indicates that PROMPT based treatments yielded significant results. Children made advances in both the scores on the standardized tests and on the untreated items, demonstrating generalization. Tactile kinestetic cues added greatly to the motor speech training. This is a very complex training program that works to treat children with very complex disorders (Dale and Hayden, 2013).

Apraxia of speech is a disorder in which an individual has an unknown motor issue that affects their speech communication (Beathard & Robert, 2008). The extent and severity of the apraxia can vary from person to person. Apraxia of speech can occur in both children and adults. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a newer diagnosis and controversial because it does not have specific markers that differ from other speech acquisition disorders (Beathard & Robert, 2008). For an individual to be diagnosed with apraxia of speech or CAS they must meet 8 out of 11 features and not have structural problems in the speech organs, signs of dysarthric symptoms, hearing problems, and/or have at least average nonverbal intelligence (Martikainen & Korpilahit, 2011). The features of CAS are: limited consonant and vowel repertoire; frequent omission errors; high incidence of vowel errors; inconsistent articulation errors; increased difficulty imitating words and phrases; predominant use of simple syllable shapes; impaired volitional oral movements; reduced expressive language skills compared to receptive language skills; and incorrectness in producing multisyllabic sequences (Beathard & Robert, 2008;Martikainen & Korpilahit, 2011). The treatment options for apraxia of speech are limited. There has been no one treatment that has been found to be superior to others but researchers have been experimenting with different treatment options to see if one will help improve the features of

Dysarthrias are a group of motor speech disorders characterized by various forms of articulatory mistakes, and poor intelligibility. Dysarthrias typically include lots of speech errors. Apraxia of speech is the result of a brain injury (stroke, degenerative disease, TBI, anoxia and tumors). In apraxia of speech, the individual has a breakdown in motor planning and programming. The individual would have difficulty with voluntary movement for speech tasks. In apraxia of speech there is a deficit in prosody and articulation. The major difference between dysarthria and apraxia of speech is that dysarthria is a

It is often the case where stuttering can easily be controlled in therapy, however, in a naturalistic environment, where individuals are engaging in multiple tasks that might interfere with each other, controlling stuttering even with a fluency technique becomes a challenge. This is an important study for clinicians to be aware of in order to be able to assist PWS with managing fluent speech while they participate simultaneously in a higher cognitive or linguistic