Sources Of Marine Pyostatins

The present study showed that thin layer chromatography (TLC) of extracted saponin from sea cucumber, Holothuria thomasi has one type of saponin. our results were in agreement with Amini et al.,(2014) who isolated saponin from Persian Gulf brittle star, Ophiocoma erinaceus and also, Hussien and Awad ( 2014) who isolated one type of triterpenoid saponin of hederacoside C .Moreover, Abraham et al.,(2002)isolated different types of saponin with RF values of 0.47,0.67, 0.65,0.77 and 0.73 from different species of sea cucumber, Actinopyga echinites, A. miliaris, Holothuria atra and H. scabra holothurian extracts have been reported to contain 25 or more glycosides, all derivatives of saponin(Sarma et al.,1987).

All anti-infection agents utilized as a part of human treatment since the beginning of the anti-infection agents time in the mid 1900s can be partitioned into three unmistakable classifications as indicated by how they were eventually produced on substantial scale. These arrangements take after. Natural products: mixes made specifically by huge scale aging of microscopic organisms or parasites. Semi-synthetic antibacterial: compounds manufactured by chemical synthesis using as starting material a natural product. Fully synthetic antibacterial: exacerbates that are fabricated by completely manufactured courses (Wright, Seiple, and Myers, 2014).

Chemical antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds capable of either inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or killing them outright. Those which are taken internally to alleviate the symptoms of or promote healing from disease are called chemotherapeutic drugs, and among these is a class of compounds called antibiotics. In order for a chemotherapeutic drug to be classed as an antibiotic, it must be produced by a microorganism such as bacterium or fungus or at least derived from a chemical produced by one. It must also be capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and of doing so when taken in very small quantities.

Infections, such as diarrhea and pneumonia, have not always been so easily treated. Today there are drugs, like sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TMP), which can treat specific strains of these infections; however, before the 20th century, infections were the number one cause of death in the developed world. During the 19th century, scientists began to observe antibacterial chemicals in action. Paul Ehrlich, who was credited for discovering the first modern antibiotic in 1909, also discovered that certain chemical dyes colored some bacterial cells but not others. He then concluded that it was possible to create substances that could

In 1918, Alexander Fleming returned to St. Mary’s when the war had ended. Later in 1921, Alexander Fleming had discovered an important bacteriolytic substance which he named Lysozyme. Fleming had thought

PbTx-1 and PbTx-2 are the parent algal toxins from which others are derived. PbTx-2 (Figure1) is the most abundant brevetoxin produced by K. brevis, and PbTx-1 (Figure2) is the most potent. Currently, there are more than 10 brevetoxins have been identified in Karenia brevis blooms, including products of reduction, oxidation, and hydrolysis. These molecules are made up of a single carbon chain locked into a ladder-like structure. Cyclic ethers of sizes ranging from five- to nine-membered rings all fuse in a trans/syn/trans style is remarkable regularity feature. Both A and B type toxins possess a lactone functionality in the A-ring, have a strictly rigid region in the terminal four rings, possess a side chain allowing modest modification at

Concentrations of pharmaceuticals and acesulfame detected in Sydney estuary water were generally lower than for other marine/estuary waters and considerably lower than typical waste water (dilution factors up to 1000) reported in the literature, how- ever propranolol, fluoxetine, iopromide and carbamazepine were at similar levels to other marine locations. Generally low concen- trations of pharmaceuticals in Sydney estuary water are expected as none of these chemicals should be dispersed to this water

The revolution of technology has made it possible to discover new medical drugs better than centuries before. Since the dawn of time, mankind has always sought out ways to protect, heal and even prolong their life from even the most death threating of diseases, but as quick as new medical cures arrive on shelfs, so too does mankind’s resistance to these new medical drugs as well. Most drugs today are derived from plant molecules found on land; such as, aspirin from willow bark, and morphine from poppies (Krajick). Researcher’s today look past the land and toward the vast ocean for answers to today’s most common diseases. In understanding more about marine organisms, researchers can unlock beneficial knowledge to discovering better medical breakthroughs for the future for potential pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses.

Thats what a study by (Wu et al 2013) have done with some success. In this study they tested on the algae’s Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo and Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Even though these are not the algae’s that are causing havoc off of Florida’s coast, it is still a potentially useful treatment that could be tested on K. brevis in the future. They have found that Thiazolidione(TD) derivatives have an algicidal effect on the harmful algae bloom. TD is used to treat type two Diabetes. TD binds to and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPARs), whose activation reduces insulin resistance. The PPARs bound by TD’s activate transcription of several genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism(Wu et al 2013). One of the TD derivatives TD118 caused the cell membrane to break and the cytosol to burst forty eight hours after treatment. TD118 also reduced the photosynthetic efficiency of the algae tested. Another method used to control these harmful algal blooms is to simply throw clay on top of the algal blooms. With hopes that the inert clay will induce sedimentaion of the harmful algae. The use of the clay has shown to be efficient in removing K. brevis from the water column. The main use of this clay is to move the bevetoxin away from the oysters and clams that filter the water and accumulate the toxin in there system making them unsafe for humans to

inflatum can be classified under the order Hypocreales (Bushley et al. 2013). This group of fungi is known to produce a large variety of “bioactive secondary metabolites” (Bushley et al. 2013). Cyclosporin A is a secondary metabolite that was extracted from the fungus T. inflatum. When it was first discovered, scientists thought it was a useful compound because of its antifungal properties until J.F. Borel found that it also had immunosuppressive properties in 1976. (Upton 2001). This seemingly inconspicuous fungus is extremely important in the medical and pharmaceutical sector because it produces Cyclosporin A which was a revolutionary discovery for organ transplant patients. For decades we have used fungal chemicals and products for antibiotics, wine, antifungals, and enzymes. Cyclosporin A is among these remarkably useful substances as it is the first immunosuppressive drug that selectively regulated T cells with comparatively low toxicity (Upton 2001). As an extraordinary chemist, it also produces another useful group of metabolites called efrapeptins. Efrapeptins work by stopping the function of ATPase enzymes in prokaryotes. (Hodge et al. 1996) Therefore, these compounds are important ecological contributors due to their antifungal and insecticidal properties. (Hodge et al.

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk was a German biochemist. His research with antibacterial chemicals resulted in the discovery of many new drugs that provided the first most effective treatments for pneumonia, meningitis, and other bacterial diseases. This research of Domagk’s involved analyzing thousands of chemicals for their antibacterial properties. In 1932 he tested Prontosil which is a red dye. It had no antibacterial properties, but when German Biochemist, Domagk, slightly changed the chemical makeup, it showed a tremendous ability to fight the infections in mice. The infections were caused by streptococcal bacteria, also known as, strep. He then tested the drug on his daughter, she was near death from a strep infection and wasn’t responding to any of the other treatments. She surprisingly made a complete recovery.

Antimicrobial chemotherapy is a highly respected medical science which has shaped modern humanity in many ways including the furthering the understanding of medicine. A wide variety of antimicrobial substance have been discovered, designed and synthesized. Modern medicine is highly dependent on chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat diseases. Antimicrobials are combined of chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics. It can be defined as any substance of natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic origin which at low concentrations kill or inhibits growth of microorganisms and causes little or no damage. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy is a chemical compound that selectively inhibits or kills bacteria without suggestively harming the

Although this process of drug discovery holds enormous potential to supply life changing drugs to counter rapidly developing diseases, critics still point out flaws in the process. For example, many contend that bioprospecting furthers oceanic environmental degradation by introducing unnecessary pollutants and disrupting organismal life. Ocean bioprospecting may in fact harm the environment, but the damage is too negligible to have a sizable impact. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, bioprospecting has a minimal impact on the environment due to its small sample extraction size (Slobodian). The sample size of the extracted compounds needed for analysis is extremely insignificant, making this process relatively safe. Ocean life and the ecosystem will continue to be preserved, as they will remain undisturbed throughout the entire process. Furthermore, many ecosystems are resilient, able to handle small changes in their composition- the ocean floor is no exception. With such minimal extracted qualities, regrowth and regeneration of removed compounds should occur with rapid pace and simplicity. Furthermore, even if oceanic bioprospecting leads to sea floor ecosystem disruption, the advantages of drug development far outweigh the trivial consequences- protecting the lives of dying humans is more important than protecting sediment on the sea floor, especially when it will soon return to its original configuration. Though environmentalists may be irked by bioprospecting, their fears are based on unsounded facts and

Coral reefs may contain the cures for the world’s most serious illnesses. Secosteroids are compounds derived from a steroid in which there has been a ring cleavage. Corals produce secosteroids as a chemical defense to prevent diseases (Oceans and Coasts). Corals also contain tiny bryozoans, sometimes referred to as moss animals used in chemical compounds for medicine (bmw 12/10/95, agc gave these pages a little facelift, 1/24/99). For the treatment of arthritis, asthma, and other inflammatory disorders, secosteroids are enzymes that are used from Corals that can help cure. To help fight cancer, the tiny bryozoans from corals are used. Finding treatments in corals are beneficial for reducing people’s risks to certain diseases like cancer, arthritis, viruses, and

From the results of Fig.(1),thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of extracted saponin indicated that, sea cucumber, Holothuria thomasi has one type of saponin. our results were in agreement with Amini et al.,(2014) who isolated saponin from Persian Gulf brittle star, Ophiocoma erinaceus and also, Hussien and Awad ( 2014) who isolated one type of triterpenoid saponin of hederacoside C .Moreover, Abraham et al.,(2002)isolated different types of saponin with RF values of 0.47,0.67, 0.65,0.77 and 0.73 from different species of sea cucumber, Actinopyga echinites, A. miliaris, Holothuria atra and H. scabra holothurian extracts have been reported to contain 25 or more glycosides, all derivatives of saponin(Sarma et al.,1987).