Mutations on Sox10 gene has been reported affecting plumage color (chicken [55] and pigeon[56]) and abnormal pigmentation of skin and hair color (human[57,58] and mouse[59,60]). Gunnarsson et al. [55] mentioned that 8.3-kb deletion upstream of the Sox10 transcription start site leads to reduced Sox10 expression which in turn down-regulates expression of key enzymes in pigment synthesis such as tyrosinase. Lower tyrosinase activity leads to a shift toward a more pheomelanistic (reddish) in chicken plumage color, which is the characteristic feature of the dark brown phenotype. Several autosomal mutation sites on pigeon Sox10 coding region also significantly lowering thyrosinase synthesis which eventually affecting plumage color changes in …show more content…
SOX10 mutation was also suspected involved in Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is defined by the association between anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to incomplete migration of neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells along the olfactory, vomeronasal, and terminal nerves. Hipogonadism in some case of KS followed by delayed on spontaneous puberty [61]. Other research conducted by Dravis et al. [62] shows that there were significant reductions on important reproductive hormone expression. Notably, ErbB2 and the estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors all showed reduced expression levels following Sox10 mutation overexpression. Sox10 is preferentially expressed in triple-negative state of breast cancers that lack these three …show more content…
Many researcher reported sexual maturity traits that affecting egg production are : age at sexual maturity, egg weight at sexual maturity and bodyweight at sexual maturity [63-66]. Cherry and Morris [6] stated that restricted growth delays physiological development, measured in terms of bone and feather growth, behavior and sexual maturity. The potential for further growth remains until development of the ovary has commenced, at which point sexual development takes priority and the capacity for further growth appears to be lost. Post-mortem examination of birds at sexual maturity and at the conclusion of lay confirms that internal organization of ova is affected by growth to sexual maturity [6]. In egg type and poultry breeder too early or late onset of sexual maturity were never been expected and affecting total egg number or production thus always been avoided from economical perspective [67]. Too early of onset maturity will lead to smaller egg size, more egg number but less total egg weight during production periods due to smaller pullet body weight and frame size, while late onset of sexual maturity will lead to bigger egg size
A) Describe in your own words, in as much detail as you can, the anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate. B) Draw this pathway (by hand), indicating all substrates, enzymes, cofactors and products. (You do not need to include reaction mechanisms.)
The outer membrane in the cyanobacterium cell (Phormidium uncinatum) is the structure that makes the cell gram negative. On the other hand, the characteristic that makes the cell gram positive is the thick peptidoglycan layer.
The $TM$ is composed of three different layers, namely the uveal meshwork, the corneoscleral meshwork and the juxtacanalicular meshwork ($JCT$). As intercelular areas are considerable, the uveal meshwork does not present much resistance to $AH$ outflow. The second layer presents lamellae covered by endothelium-like cells, their intracellular spaces are narrovwer and thus, increase the flow resistance. The juxtacanalicular meshwork is an irregular tissue and is the major cause of resistance to flow. It lies directly the inner wall of endothelial cells from the $SC$ \cite{llobet2003understanding}.
Fig. 12 CXL10-/- mice are relatively protected against FFC-induced liver injury and inflammation. WT & CXCL10-/- mice were fed either chow or FFC-diet for 20 weeks. (A) Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. (C) Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue and mRNA expression of surface macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD)68 was evaluated by real-time qPCR. (D) Assessment of macrophage infiltration in fixed liver tissue was done by immunohistochemistry using macrophage galactose-specific lectin (Mac-2) antibody. Bar columns represent mean ± S.E.M. *** P < .001, * P < .05 compared to WT chow-fed mice.
Unknown 12 was proved to be Proteus vulgaris. This organism was a gram-negative rod growing in single. This organism, which grew on a TSA plate, was catalase positive. A drop of H2O2 was added on to the colony and it began to bubble. Therefore, the catalase enzyme was present and broke down the peroxides in to non-toxic forms H2O and O2.
The Panasonic Lumix DMC TS30 comes with a resolution of 16.10 Megapixels with a Sensor size of 1/2.33 inch. The Lens flaunts a 4.00x zoom (25-100mm eq) quality, enabling distant object to appear closer through the lens. With an ISO of 100-1600 and a Shutter speed of 60 (minimum) and 1/1300 (maximum), the Panasonic Camera comes with the dimensions of 4.1 x 2.3 x 0.8 in.(104 x 58 x 20 mm). the Camera weighs about 5.1 oz ((144 g)includes batteries).
In the LULC/Soil/Slope tool box, the last option is slope tab. User has to select to number of slope classes for the watershed. Two options are available to define the slope discretization in the slope definition tool box. First one is single slope and second one is multiple slopes. If user select single slope in the tool box, it creates slope range class 0-999%, if user selects multiple slopes, the tool allows to create 5 classes. For the kaddam watershed five slope classes has been selected in the tool box. The classes are 1) 0-5% 2) 5-10% 3) 10-15% 4) 15-35% and 5) 35-9999%. The slope map of the kaddam shown in the
With reference to figure 4, it can be seen that IC is largely unaffected when VCE is more than 1.0V. This is because it is almost completely controlled by IB, which is the base current. This means that the circuit is controlled by a constant current source. The straight line drawn shows the saturation point at A, and the cut off point at B when IC=0. This results in a Q-point as seen in the middle of figure 4. When VC is much greater than VE, the transistor conducts.
Ionic compounds are soluble in water to a certain point depending on the compound. The level of solubility changes among different compounds. Some ionic compounds can completely dissolve in water and appear to be a homogeneous mixture. Although, some ionic compounds dissolve very little, and could be considered insoluble, since it does not dissolve fully. Depending on the compound, the level of solubility can be high or low. However, ionic compounds could dissolve to a certain degree. If the solution appears to be a heterogeneous mixture, many may assume through visual representation that it may be insoluble. As stated previously, the smallest amount of solubility should be considered. To confirm whether or not the substance is soluble, observe the efficiency when conducting electricity. Due to practical reasons, the slightest solubility could be considered insoluble by people.
The human sense of touch is known as the somatic or somatosensory system. The skin is the biggest and most complex organ in the somatosensory system.The somatosensory system permits the human body to experience pressure, texture, temperature, and pain, and to see the position and development of the body's muscles and joints.The receptor cells in the skin can be separated into three useful classifications: mechanoreceptors that sense pressure and surface, thermoreceptors that sense temperature, and nociceptors that sense pain. Thermoreceptors distinguish changes in temperature utilizing two sorts of receptor cells: warm and cold. Thus, thermoreceptors on the skin detects the temperature signal using two specific receptors cell: warm and cold.
The atom of an element has electrons that are found around the nucleus in regions known as orbitals. When energy is absorbed by the electrons of an atom they begin to jump to higher energy levels. When this happens the electrons are in an excited state. However when the electrons begin to release the energy and drop in energy levels they emit electromagnetic radiation. If the radiation that is emitted falls between 400 to 700 nanometers then the electrons emit photons which we can see as visible light.
The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in
2. (5 pts) List and explain the names and affiliations of the various characters/stakeholders in this story – I’m looking for us to use the story to map out the complexities that are generally associated with solving public health puzzles – the stakeholders you list and explain here should apply to many of the cases we consider going forward.
The purpose of lab 1 was to purify the vanillin (individually) as well as an unknown (with a partner). By recrystallizing both compounds, students were able to determine the percent recovery of each solid and get one step closer to determining our unknown compound. For lab 2, the purpose was to determine the percent recovery both solids (vanillin and the unknown) as well as determining the melting point ranges. By determining the melting point ranges, we would be able to identify our unknown.
They compared the effects of different hen diets; the study groups were a diet in high dietary zinc, California method, conventional method, and a control group. After analyzing the data statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the authors concluded that the mortality rate was in the normal range for all groups; indicating that the molting program was not too severe. There was an increase of egg weight in molted hens when compared to the control but not significant. However, shell weight increased for all groups when compared to control, therefore, a better eggshell quality. This may be explained because involution of hens' uterus increases the efficiency of glandular epithelium. (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998) Among the groups, the zinc and California group had greater shell quality when compared to the conventional group. This is explained by the fact that the hens from the conventional group did not loose much weight and egg production was not completely stopped. The zinc group was the one to be out of production for the shortest time. Even if the rate of egg production, egg shell quality, and egg mass were better in the California group, economically zinc is the most favorable method to adopt. This is just one example of how induced molting can be beneficial.