Space Flight: Risk of Performance Errors Due to Sleep Loss

Neurostimulation. One method of neurostimulation is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) which passes a controlled electric current through the brain to induce a brief seizure. A treatment option that can be used alone or in tandem with antipsychotic medications, ECT is documented to have faster rates of improvement during suicidal and/or active phase symptoms (Galletly et al., 2016). An emerging practice in schizophrenia treatment is transcranial direct current simulation. This form of neurostimulation is promising in the treatment of auditory and verbal hallucinations and negative symptoms but requires further research (Galletly et al., 2016).

Electrical stimulation is addressed in several CMS NCDs found in the IOM Pub. 100-03, Medicare National Coverage Determinations

Electroconvulsive therapy (also called ECT) is a form of therapy invented in the 1930’s which uses electrodes to shock and trigger a seizure in a patient to help with rebalancing the chemicals in the brain's system. The patient is first placed under a general anesthesia and given muscle relaxants so that they are asleep during the procedure and it won’t cause them pain. Two electrodes attached to the patient's scalp and which when stimulated will create a seizure. The seizure is brief and only lasts for about a minute and the patient is carefully monitored to ensure that everything is going as it is supposed to. Afterwards, they are monitored for any side effects or unusual behavior caused from the treatment.

ECT treatment involves sending electrical impulses into the brain. These electrical impulses cause a seizure to occur. The patient is under an anesthetic while this happens and awakens with no memory of the event. Sometimes upon awakening they are confused and nauseous. However, the memory loss is temporary.

Deep Brain Stimulation is a surgical procedure on the brain performed to improve a patient’s quality of life. The patient must remain awake during this procedure to insure the Doctor is stimulating the correct area in the brain. This procedure is not a cure, but it can drastically improve a patient’s thoughts and emotions by regulating abnormal impulses and affecting certain cells and chemicals within the brain that are causing the bad symptoms.

depressed people, as well as other forms of psychological disorders. I’m focusing only on how this therapy is used to treat major depression, because although depression is the most treatable mental illness, it is still the one we all suffer from the most. This therapy uses electrical currents to re-charge the neurotransmitters in the brain, allowing these neurotransmitters to function efficiently, restoring the chemical imbalance in the Adrenal and Thyroid systems; which is often found in patients with severe depression. This therapy is better known through the media as “shock therapy.” Sounds scary, but it’s very safe and has been proven to help save people suffering from this often unbearable, mood disorder.

During the procedure, patient are asleep as the electric current fires to the brain allowing a seizure to last 60 seconds. The seizure will change the brain activity into a positive way; it will reduce or help patient with mental illness.

In conclusion, their hypothesis was proven correct. The stimulation technique used in this experiment can be compared to DBS in human treatment, and it shows that low amplitude high frequency stimulation is the best way to lateral thalamus nucleus to activate the cortex. For future studies they suggested that the time of stimulation after the seizure should be monitored and the type of stimulation. This technique has the potential to help people with epilepsy recover after having a seizure, in order for them to continue their daily routines without worrying as much about the problems after a

Mankad, M., Beyer, J., Weiner, R., & Krystal, A. Clinical Manual of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Ink. E-book

Furthermore, according to the website, the Electroconvulsive Therapy is only one of several brain stimulation therapies. ECT uses electrical current, but other use magnets or implants to cure depressions. The advantages are as follows: It is the fastest way to relieve symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It is also very effective to control mania. Moreover, when a patient is not responding to medications, ECT is one of the safest therapies to control clinical depression and other several mental problems. The first disadvantage is that it can cause more damage than relief, if something goes wrong. It may also cause memory loss, serious headaches, muscle aches, and severe stomachache.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, (TMS), involves a small metal coil being positioned close to the participants skull and a short pulse of electrical current is run through it. This creates a temporary magnetic field which impedes processing in the area of the brain stimulated, this is often called a brain lesion. This leads to electrical stimulation in the brain. When lookung at cognition, several magnetic pulses are administered in a short period of time, this is called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, (rTMS). If TMS application to an individual area of the brain leads to defective task completion, it can be concluded that the specific brain area is needed for that task. One advantage of using TMS is that it doesnt require brain

On the other side of the treatment identified the use of brain stimulation as a therapeutic treatment for patients with psychoses and depression. In the 1930’s, new experiments and procedures were introduced to treat severe psychoses in mentally ill patients. There was no real medical treatment or medicine which is now available. So they began to use electroshock or electroconvulsive therapy to treat these patients who could not identify what exactly troubled them. The electroshock involved the use of applying an electrical pulse to the scalp which stimulates the brain cells. This led some physicians to believe that this method could be used to calm uncontrollable and disorderly patients down.

Astronauts in spacecraft travel seventeen thousand miles per hour so crew members experience sixteen sunrises and sunsets each day. They cannot have the usual daylight and nighttime cycles. The sleeper will be disturbed by entering sunlight and warmth. Everyone must cover windows or wear masks when sleep in this rapid orbit rate.

Torpedo torpedo and Torpedo nobiliana were used for the electrical components, they were later suggested to help with headaches. This later evolved to Neurophysiologic Brain Stimulation, which later became Therapeutic Brain Stimulation, which finally resulted in Deep Brain Stimulation. Deep Brain Stimulation is now the mixture of all the past procedures which is now more reliable and

Expand your memory! Make better decisions! Conquer depression! Learn faster! Relieve pain! Could all that of that be possible with just a few little shocks to your brain? According to a growing body scientific literature and a dedicated do-it-yourself community, yes. This new technology is called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and has made a splash over the past few years with the media, the scientific community, and the most daring DIYers because of its unprecedented effects in treating illness and enhancing cognitive function. tDCS is a simple form of brain stimulation where one or two milliamps of direct current electricity is applied to the skull via two or more sponge electrodes. The current passes through the skull and