Space 's Perception Of Space

In the Critique of Pure Reason, philosopher Immanuel Kant aims to thoroughly explain his philosophy of the metaphysical world. Within the Transcendental Aesthetic, Kant focuses on confirming that space and time are a priori intuitions. He provides reasoning and arguments as to why they are transcendentally ideal but empirically real, making space and time subjectively necessary for experiences. Simultaneously, Kant distinguishes space and time from secondary qualities, which belong to our senses through experience, by confirming that unlike space and time, secondary qualities are not empirically real. Kant does run into conflicts with his theory, he still successfully claims that space and time are transcendentally ideal but empirically real, as well as distinguish them from secondary qualities by supporting his theories with reasoning.

Kant (1724-1804) is known as one of the great philosophers of modern times. Despite skeptics like Hume and others of the associationism movement, Kant sought to settled debate between empirical and rationalist schools of thought. Of his many beliefs, he held that space and time were ideas essential to human experience.

The concept of space exploration was first introduced to the American public in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy famously stood before congress and vowed that America would put a man on the moon “within the decade.” With hopes of defeating the Soviet Union in the “Space Race” and gaining a leg-up in the Cold War, NASA funding reached its all-time high in 1965-1966 when about four percent of the federal budget was devoted to exploring space. Since then however, funding dedicated to exploring space has nose-dived to about one-half of a percent of the federal budget (Tyson), with plans to cut that figure by an additional $260 million in 2017 (cite NASA funding cuts). Experts in the space-sciences field argue that increased funding in space exploration would re-ignite the American economy and return America to the scientific prominence it was once known for, while, on the other end of the spectrum, naysayers suggest that exploring space is an economic sink-hole that the United States can no longer afford to deposit to given its own earth-bound troubles.

The space race was the event the began the interest in space exploration. It all started in 1957 during the Cold War, when there was tension between America and the Soviet Union. There was also new technology from the war. According to Murray (Date unknown) “Many people believed the nation that controlled the skies could win any war.”(para. 5). So when the Soviet Union decided to launch the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, into orbit America was not happy.

The concept of space is a topic that confuses many people. When people are asked, what the concept of space is they tend to come up with numerous answers. People say space is something that is seen as a place that exist outside of Earth. While, this is true there are also more definitions of space that many individuals don’t know about. Space can also include the distance between objects, people etc. and the interactions that happened between them. In the article, “The Power of Place and Space,” it talks about how “space has an effect on interaction and that this effect is most clearly expressed as a function of distance” (Sack 327). In the movie, “Ender’s Game,” directed by Gavin Hood, the main character Ender, played by Asa Butterfield, is seen living in an institutionalized space. The institution prepares the students there for a future alien invasion throughout the movie, as Ender progresses through the ranks of the institution, he slowly dismantles the blind loyalty he had in this institutionalized space. This internal space directly affects his external space and how he interacts with the people around him while he is aboard the institutionalized space.

Kant’s intuitions are representations given by sensation that provide the beginning for all cognition. Essentially, it is the way in which we receive representations which relate immediately to the object. The distinctions between intuitions and pure intuitions lies in the method of affection. Intuitions spur from the input of sensation whereas with pure intuitions there is no mingling of sensation. Pure sensations are transcendentally ideal meaning they are necessary forms of cognition. In virtue of reason, a transcendental truth cannot be denied and it is not necessary to test since it must be real. Pure intuitions determine exactly how we receive sensory input; they are not empirical and can be viewed more as a process where intuitions are passive experiences that happen to a person.

He states that the power of judgment has a inspirational structure. Kant argues that there are a number of principles that must necessarily be true of experience in order for judgment to be possible. Lastly, Kant argues that the role of the mind in making nature is not limited to space, time, and the categories. In the Analytic of Principles, Kant argues that even the necessary consistency of objects to natural law arises from the mind. Thus far, Kant's divine method has permitted him to reveal the a priori components of sensations. He believes that there are a priori judgments that have to govern all appearances of objects. Kant went as far as saying that  a priori judgments not only are possible but they can actually offer the basis for the majority of human knowledge. He believes that there is a form of intelligence that is considered a priori which requires synthetic judgments in order to be obtained. Therefore, Kant believes that synthetic a priori judgment makes it possible to understand things that we

There can be no discussion of Hitchcock’s distinctive filmic language and meticulous mise-en-scene without a discussion of his paintings. It is through the image of Vertigo’s Carlotta Valdes that Hitchcock identifies, projects, and explores our deepest anxieties about scopophilia, voyeurism, exploitation, and reality, and in the process, exposes the dark aspects of our characters that are often repressed. That concept of multiple identities is the essence of Hitchcock’s cinema and the essence of the film. Paintings in Vertigo make sense of and illuminate the moth-to-flame relationships Scottie has with the multiple, yet singular identities of Madeleine, Judy, and Carlotta, and in the process, erode the line between certainty and doubt. Hitchcock’s paintings explore the often obsessive and exploitative nature of its characters, and explain how the paintings themselves occupy, and force the characters to occupy, the void between reality and illusion.

The whole purpose of getting an education is for students to understand and comprehend enough knowledge for them to be able to earn a living and be a productive member of society. When there are gaps in learning, knowledge bridges help close that gap. As an example, we as teachers have benchmarks and standards that we must attempt to have each student meet or exceed. Sometimes there is a gap between what students know and understand and what they should know and understand. Buehl (2011) quotes Moje (2004) who states “building bridges is a necessary part of what makes third space because it help learners see connections” (p.90). It is easy for me to have many learning bridges because just about everyone has had at some time of dental experiences.

In the eighteenth century, Immanuel Kant proposed that there could be other galaxies and systems like

Explain and asses what you think to be the best argument Kant gives as his “Metaphysical Exposition of Space” (B37-40) that space cannot be either and actual entity (Newtonian concept) or any independent relation among real things (Leibnizian concepti be on). In other words, is he successful in arguing that space must be (at least) a form of intuition? Do any of his arguments further show that space must be ONLY a form of intuition and not ALSO something Newtonian or Leibnizian?

For Immanuel Kant, truth is accessible to the mind only because it derives from rational categories already in the mind. Although knowledge begins in the senses, Kant claims, “besides what is given to the sensuous intuition, special concepts must yet be superadded—concepts which have their origin wholly a priori in the pure understanding, and under which every perception must be first of all subsumed and then by their means changed into experience.”6 The sources of such synthetic a priori concepts are categories inherent in reason, and Kant supplies a table of such categories, including in it: Unity (measure), Plurality (magnitude), Totality (whole), Reality, Negation, Limitation, Substance, Cause, Community, Possibility, Existence, and Necessity.7 Thus, the understanding of any perceived thing as a whole entity, or as having an independent material existence, or as being caused by anything, or as itself the cause of anything has its origin in rational categories in the mind and is not traceable to any essential quality or state of being that can be attributed to the thing in itself, according to Kant.

Kant believed that there are different concepts and intuitions in which intuitions are put under concepts. Kant refers these intuitions into what he calls the three-fold synthesis. Kant describes the three fold synthesis as “the capacities in the understanding to compare, connect, and unify the fragmentary manifold items in intuition” (A97). To put it in different terms, the three fold synthesis describes the necessary components for intuition of what is happening in the outside world. It allows us to Kant believed that the three fold synthesis is divided into three different types of synthesis. According to Kant, it is required that all of the synthesis work in unison in order for experience to happen. Experience is what makes possible the synthesis of apprehension, in return makes the possibility of the synthesis of reproduction, which creates the possibility of the synthesis of recondition. Therefore, Kant argues, the synthesis of recondition is contingent on experience. Kant also stated that for each of the three fold synthesis, there are both empirical and pure levels. In other words, each of the three fold synthesis have two ways of being interpreted in the mind, one based on our intellects because it is gathered through experience, and another based upon the fact that the manifold works in unison with the others and are dependent on each other for experience to happen.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is much concerned about the operations of the mind. Though he believed in the existence of the mind, he held a different view from the empiricists when it comes to the nature and function of the mind. He set out to prove that Hume was wrong by claiming that some truths were certain and were not based on subjective experience alone. Kant argued that the very ingredients which are necessary for even thinking in terms of a causal relationship could not be derived from experience and therefore must exist a priori, or independent of experience. Though he did not deny the importance of sensory data, he thought that the mind must add something to that data before knowledge could be attained; that something was provided by a priori (innate) categories of thought (unity, totality, time, space, cause and effect, reality, quantity, quality, negation, possibility-impossibility, and existence-nonexistence). Kant claimed that the subjective experiences of human has been modified by the pure concepts of the mind and is therefore more meaningful than it would otherwise have been.

However, Kant insists that to find certainty within experience the mind has to organize it in a way that is necessary to apply it in a universal way. This way, the mind can have a chance to construct the objects found in the experience out of the raw materials, founded by the senses. To explain what Kant is referring too, he considers sense perception as intuitions. These intuitions are based on the mind’s direct awareness. Like in the article that was previously stated, Hermann also found that humans have skills that have enabled them to “create different cultural groups, each operating with a distinctive set of artifacts, symbols, and social practices” in order to see the difference between each diverse group, direct awareness must be achieved (Hermann et al 1360). To be able to perceive a set of artifacts, for example, to perceive the redness of a cloak, the two powers of sensory interpretation must be applied and those are sensibility and