Spaced Repetition Paper

S states that there are four phases to the human memory. He suggests that using a filing cabinet approach to learning things help with memorization. “Human memory is a four - stage process: input, encoding, rehearsal, and retrieval. A problem at any stage affects memory and learning”, (S, 2013). The author goes on to discuss how each process works within his system of learning and memorizing. Inputting information into the filing cabinet is through sensory. We are using taste, smell, sight, hearing and touching at this point just to organize and get the information into the brain but not memorizing or learning anything yet. This phase is the same as the first step in “Tips from the Science of Memory-for Studying and for Life”. Arranging the information in a way that it gives the best structure for remembering it. Next, we encode the information with short term memory, only knowing that the information is there but it is not yet fully understood or committed to long term memory. After that we will rehearse and practice the information that is organized and filed neatly in the filing cabinet because now we know where to go to look for the correct information when we need it for retrieval, the final step of the process. We need to know where to look for the things we have rehearsed and practiced over and over, this information is now committed to long term memory and the only way to keep what we have learned in long term memory is to rehearse it continuously. The author gave some tips on how to maximize our memory capabilities such as studying in a well-lit area, be organized with study material and have everything you need before beginning, get 6-8 hours of sleep every night, and take planned breaks during studying

By practicing, talking and writing about a topic, this is the only way our brain can make permanent connections about the information we are trying to learn as studies have shown such as the retrieval practice study, that those students in the retrieval practice group overall scored higher over

Hearing the information repeated over and over makes it better stick in the auditory learner’s memory.

Through the book Power of Mindful Learning, the author Ellen J. Langer challenges traditional methods of learning and proposes new ways to better learn a subject. Through her concept of mindful learning, Langer enlightens the readers of ways to digest new information and learning new skills by being open to novelty, having alertness to distinction, sensitivity to different contexts, awareness of multiple perspectives, and orientation in the present. In the fourth chapter of the book Langer goes through some limitations of repetition in memorization known as rote memory and gives out interesting examples of how rote memory tactics can create the appearance of knowledge gained at first however could potentially disabled the learner when greater perspective is needed to create personal connections and make relevance. She describes memorization as "...a strategy to taking in material that has no

The research article titled “Procrastination, Deadlines and Performance: Self-Control by Precomittment,” authored by psychologists Dan Ariely and Klaus Wertenbroch, aimed to figure out the reasoning behind procrastination. A study was conducted to answer three questions all posed from the central thesis of procrastination. The first question the studies sought to answer was whether people are willing to impose deadlines, with substantial consequences if they are not met, on themselves. The second question whether these self-imposed deadlines were actually helpful in improving overall performance. Lastly, the third question aimed to determine if the deadlines people imposed on themselves, were done so to achieve their best results. It was

Thesis: Procrastination is the main result of disorganization whether it’s at home, work or school.

Many college students struggle to find a powerful way to memorize what they have learned in class. Thomas Frank created a youtube video to explain space repetition. Spaced repetition is studying over time but adding large time gaps in between each session . Studying with spaced repetition is a powerful way to study efficiently because of the spacing effect. The space effect is  that ideas need to be spaced out in order to allow your brain to learn and memorized efficiently.Different scientist have created experiments to justify why spaced repetition is one of the most powerful methods of memorizing your studies. The scientist found that forgetting is a major part because your brain tries harder to learn the material. Any college student study

The “curve of forgetting” show the loss of memory over the course of time, it depicts how we either retain or get rid of information over time. It shows how we are losing information over time and there is no way of retrieving that information back. This reveals that we will forget the new information that we have learned unless we are constantly reviewing so it will remain in our memories. The importance of distributed practice to memory retrieval is it helps us to retain our memories whether they are good or bad. Memory revival is also important in many cases whether it is just remembering what you wanted from the grocery store to solving crimes. When going to the grocery store we typically only remember the first and last few items on the

I feel like I learn best through repetition. I often spend my free time re-reading material from class to better understand it.

The test groups that wrote out the content 10x showed a significant increase in short-term memory versus test groups that utilised no writing. These results indicate that repetition increases neural activity and thereby increases the levels of short-term synaptic plasticity (STP). The effects of STP can last between a few millisecond to minutes, whilst long-term synaptic plasticity can last from minutes to years (Pinar et al., 2017). The short-term memory results are therefore not a strong indicator of the strength of LTP occurring. In order to analyse this, long-term memory was measured three weeks later. The test group that viewed a relatable movie before writing out the content 10x, displayed a significantly higher long-term memory recall, and therefore showed an increase in LTP. Students within the other groups showed lower levels of LTP which may have being caused by the LTD.

As everyone is familiar with, trying to learn all of the material at one time is called “cramming” and while cramming may get you through the test the next day, research shows that it is actually a very poor way to learn for the long term. The theory of the spacing effect was also developed by Ebbinghaus in 1885, and the spacing effect has held up to numerous testing by researchers over the years. In 1967, Geoffrey Keppel tested the spacing effect on college students using nonsense syllables paired with adjectives (i.e. lum-happy). Half of the subjects studied the list eight times in one day (massed practice) and the other half studied the list two times on each of four successive days (distributed practice). Keppel then tested their memory either one day after the final study session or a week later. The results showed that both groups do fairly well if they are tested the next day, but there is a considerable drop-off in recall if they are tested a week later. Even after the one week delayed testing, the group that exercised distributive practice showed little to no forgetting. Thus, to counter the sharp slope on the forgetting curve, it is extremely important to initially review materials within a day of learning it and to review a couple times after that. Often we feel that we can’t possibly make time for a review session every day in our schedules, but this review is

The most effective teachers in the studies of classroom instruction understood the importance of practice, and they began their lessons with a five- to eight-minute review of previously covered. These teachers provided additional practice on facts and skills that were needed for recall to become automatic. It is important for a teacher to help students recall the concepts and vocabulary that will be relevant for the day’s lesson because our working memory is very limited. If we do not review previous learning, then we will have to make a special effort to recall old material while learning new material, and this makes it difficult for us to learn the new material.

Do you remember the time you had learned to ride a bike? Do you understand how you can still ride a bike every day? The answer is called Procedural Memory. Procedural memory is a step-like process of how to do the important work that you decide every day. It is connected with long term memory and is the most basic form of memory. Procedural memory is usually part of an implicit memory. Procedural memory refers to the sensory motor skills by repeating the actions over and over. The procedural memory stores bags of information in our heads on how to perform a specific procedure and makes actions more automatic. In addition, these memory systems can function independently, so you cannot lose those memories. Many examples are playing an

Zeenath and Ocrullo (2012) indicated that university students procrastinate because of its affective consequences. External factors, such as peer influence and coping strategies, surrounding them also contribute to this. Furthermore, the way of teaching of the professors also affects the performance of the students toward the tasks given to them. Procrastination is the reason behind the poor academic performance and unhealthy lifestyle of the students. However, even if the individuals receive negative consequences, they still choose to

(Piers Steel, Thomas Brothen, Catherine Wambach 2001) study looks at relationship between procrastination, personality, performance and mood in 152 undergraduates. The study relied on self-evaluations from the participants. The participants first had to complete a