Spastic Diplegia Research Paper

There are many different types of cerebral palsy. “Types of cerebral palsy are classified by the type of movement problems caused by brain impairment, or by the parts of the body that are affected.” (Mecham, 1986)

The human body is made up of many organ systems that consist of organs and tissues of different anatomies and diverse nomenclature. These organs systems, organs and tissues are prone to thousands of diseases, and one of these diseases is cerebral palsy, which is a disease of the nervous system in simple terms. Research relating to cerebral palsy is carried out, whereby the disorder is described, along with its history, and how it affects the nervous system and the brain. The anatomy of the body systems involves with regard to this disorder, the effects of the disorder on these body systems and other body systems are also researched and discussed. Furthermore, the research focuses on the causes of cerebral palsy, its complications, signs, and symptoms, and the diagnosis of the disorder, along with its treatment and side effects of the treatment. A recap of the research focusing on prevention strategies, the anatomy and physiology of cerebral palsy and the nervous system is presented.

The reason for this is because measuring treatment outcomes in people living with cerebral palsy is already difficult but it is even more so in those living with spastic quadriplegia. “Unlike an ambulant child, where changes can be seen in gait parameters, oxygen cost, and gait velocity, the child with spastic quadriplegia may show changes only in measures of impairment such as the modified Ashworth scale, Tardieu scale, or joint range of motion. It is difficult to measure change in the level of function or disability in the child with moderate to severe spasticity” (Gormley 2001). This being said, the need for clinical trials to assess management results for severely involved patients is still necessary. Designing studies that “employ standard enrolment criteria across centres, apply interventions in a standardized manner, utilize control groups and validated outcome measures, including measures of cost effectiveness and patient satisfaction” may be difficult, but are entirely necessary in order to justify the new approach to treatment that is suggested in this article (Gormley 2001).

"Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability in children and represents the most frequent diagnosis in children who receive physical therapy" ( "Physical", (n.d) , p.1). Thousands of children are affected by the disability every year, cerebral palsy can be detected as early as when the child is an infant. Physical therapist help these children learn better ways to move and balance, as well as learn to walk, use their wheelchair, and stand up without assistance.("Physical" , (n.d) , p.1). Physical therapy for the people affected by the disability is important, so that when at home they can do things for themselves and not rely on someone to do it for them. Physical therapy for these patients should continue at home through an exercise

Cerebral Palsy, for those who don't know, is a disability that is caused by abnormal development of damage to part of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. These problems mostly occur during pregnancy, however it has been known to occur during childbirth and shortly after birth. The disability itself is when a young child (the individual will have this condition forever, the symptoms are just noticed when they're young and growing) has weak muscles and tremors. There may also be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, swallowing and speaking. Often babies with Cerebral Palsy do not sit, roll over, or walk as young as some children. Seizures happen in 1/3 children with Cerebral Palsy. My sister is lucky enough not to get seizures, but it does effect others.

After observation, it was determined that each child showed some improvement in some areas, but the children also showed declines in some areas (Bailes, Greve, & Schmitt, 2010). Basically, it was determined that more studies must be performed to determine the exact results suit therapy has on children with cerebral palsy and spastic diplegia. This article appears unbiased; the children were chosen randomly based on specific criteria (spastic diplegia and cerebral palsy diagnosis), and their results were measured using criteria specific to their needs. Different health professionals observed the participants, including physical therapy and occupational therapy, which means, observation and conclusions drawn were based on multiple opinions. These factors cause the article to seem credible and show no bias. A year after this study was published another study was conducted that increased the sample size so the results of suit therapy intervention are more

Berker & Yalcin (2010) mention three types of CP are spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed CP. The affected area in Spastic CP is the brain cortex, and it can be identified when the muscle tone resists to a passive motion. Berker & Yalcin (2010), that means hypertonicity. It is known by this signs: hyperreflexia, clonus, and present of primitive reflexes. Berker & Yalcin (2010). The three common types of Spastic CP are hemiplegia, diplegia, and quadriplegia. Hemiplegia means half of the body is affected, but when the all body involved it is called quadriplegia. Berker & Yalcin (2010). Dyskinetic CP occurs due to affection of the basal ganglia, and the muscle tone is characterized by both hypo and hyper tonicity. Berker & Yalcin (2010). The signs of this type are dysarthria, dysphagia, and salivation supplement with the movement problem. Berker & Yalcin (2010). Ataxic CP, the affected area is the cerebellum, and it is defined by losing of equilibrium, synchronization, and regulation of fine movement. Berker & Yalcin (2010). Muscle tone in this type tends to show hypotonic at the first 2 years of the child, then it becomes normal. Berker & Yalcin (2010). After the 2 years ataxic becomes recognizable by the wide based gait, and dysmetria. Berker & Yalcin (2010). The last type is mixed CP when the lesion in the brain is diffused, and shows some signs of spasticity and dyskinesia.

A good definition of Cerebral palsy is that it is a group of developmental disorders of movement and posture that causes activity restrictions or disability. It can be caused by the disturbances in the fetal or infant brain and the motor impairment may be followed by a seizure disorder and the impairment of communication, sensation, cognition, and/or behavior (Perat, 2012). People with CP are diagnosed as having lesions on the brain that impairs their motor functions. They cannot control their motor functions such as

Every year, thousands of children are diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. This congenital neuromuscular disorder affects many children from the day of diagnosis to the end of their life. This incurable disorder can affect a wide array of muscular functions, and will permanently debilitate children through adulthood. This disorder arises from congenital brain injury and possible genetic predisposition. There are several therapy options available for children affected that will assist in independence. However, therapy options are expensive and most people cannot afford them. Therefore, there are government assistance programs that will help with expenses. Most importantly, there is ongoing research being funded to learn more about this disease and finding a cure.

One of the most common side effects of cerebral palsy is spasticity. Spasticity causes increased muscle tone and tension. Some effects of spasticity are inhibition of movement, muscle growth, and protein synthesis, limited stretching of muscles in daily activities, muscle and joint deformities (Cerebral Palsy). If left alone, severe spasticity can lead to permanently stiff muscles (Bunch 32). Approximately 80 out of 100 patients with cerebral palsy have varying degrees of spasticity (Center).

The term cerebral palsy (seh-ree-brel pawl-zee) is used to express any of the three or sometimes four types of the disorder. Still, the term itself can be confusing. Cerebral means ‘brain’ while palsy is ‘paralysis.’ As serious as it sounds, it is not a disease. The term refers to brain damage that causes weakness or paralysis of parts of the body such as legs or arms. Cerebral palsy is a non-contagious, non-progressive neuro-muscular disorder that impairs standard muscle control. There were many researchers who took steps to define the condition as early as

Cerebral palsy is an abnormal brain development, which alters a person’s ability to move. Cerebral palsy affects people in different ways and such as, muscle control, muscle coordination, muscle tone, reflex, posture and balance. Although cerebral palsy is a permanent life-long condition, some of these signs of cerebral palsy can improve or worsen over time.Most premature babies will grow up without any major difficulties but some are at an increased risk for motor difficulties, including cerebral palsy.The chance of premature babies developing cerebral palsy is closely related to the degree of prematurity.

Cerebral palsy is a group of non-progressive motor disorders caused by damage to the fetal or infant brain. There are two main types of cerebral palsy: congenital and acquired. Most children diagnosed with cerebral palsy are diagnosed with congenital cerebral palsy, which they were born with, after a few months or years of life (National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The main etiologies of congenital cerebral palsy include damage to the white matter of the brain, bleeding in the brain as the result of a stroke, or abnormal brain development as a fetus as well as asphyxia during delivery. Acquired cerebral palsy begins after birth. The main etiologies of acquired cerebral

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is brain damage. It cannot be cured, it is not contagious, it is not a disease, and it does not get worse. According to Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, "Cerebral Palsy is a broad term for various nonprogressive disorders of motor function in people, resulting from brain damage around the time of birth. Damage to the brain could occur before, during, or shortly after birth"(“Cerebral”). Since the damage is done during the brain’s formation, and occurs in the part of the brain that controls motor and muscle functions, people with CP might have problems with motor skills, muscle tone, muscle weakness, reflexes, balance, excessive drooling, difficulties swallowing or speaking, shaking, tremors, and

In 2011, the World Health Organisation reported that there are more than a billion people with disabilities (WHO, 2011) and many of them have barriers towards physical activities (Rimmer & Rowland, 2008). However with a disability, having a healthy lifestyle or participating in exercise regime can be challenging especially with permanent disability. One of the physical disabilities is cerebral palsy (CP) which is a disorder of movement and posture due to a non-progressive abnormality of the brain (Best, Heller & Bigge, 2005). The above description means that CP affects the person movement, the muscle tone and the control of their body. It also is a non-progressive as the brain affected does not worsen and is considered as developmental