Spatial Assessment Of Ground Water Vulnerability Using Gis A Case Study On Thiruvannamalai District, Tamilnadu, India

Incredible water shortage in the Middle East region has compelled countries to reuse this water for many purposes. Treated wastewater can be used in agriculture, industry, recharging aquifers (Middle East Water Shortage). This method leads to conservation of traditional sources of water which further can be used “for meeting the demand for higher-quality water such as that for drinking, or for high value-added industrial and agricultural uses.” Also the climate fickleness’ influence will lessen by means of reuse. But there are few problems connected with leading treatment into usage. One of them are health and environmental risks (Baroudy 2005, 25-35). Purified in such way water contains bacteria, viruses and parasites (Middle East Water Shortage). Use of treated water can cause different infectious and gastrointestinal diseases. According to Baroudy even contact with this water sometimes can cause allergies and other dermatological illnesses (2005, 25-35). Another problem is that this water has some biological and chemical matter dissolved in it, which can obstruct soil pores. Clogged soil has less ability for leaking which leads to bad irrigation efficiencies (Middle East Water Shortage). But, of course, some standards with the purpose to limit these effects were elaborated. Toughening standards require financial investments (Baroudy 2005, 25-35). Process of waste treatment requires special equipment and construction of special water treatment

Water contamination is said to be the leading cause for diseases and deaths worldwide. Dirty water is the world’s biggest health risk. Over 1 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water. 5,000 people die each day due to dirty drinking water. Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Many people don’t have the luxury of being able to grab a bottle of water whenever they want because there is so much pollution and chemicals in there water system. When water from rain and melting snow runs off roofs and roads into our rivers, it picks up toxic chemicals, dirt, trash and disease-carrying organisms along the way. Increased water pollution creates breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, killing 1.2 million to 2.7 million people a year. Water Pollution and contamination is responsible for 40% of the world’s population resulting in death each year.

The clean drinking water supplied to millions of people and wildlife species are at serious risk.

1. ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE TERM PAPER-----------------------------------------------------4 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE------------------------------------------------------------------4 3.1. INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------------------4 3.2. CURRENT GROUND WATER SCENARIO & DEPLETION TRENDS ---6 4 MAJOR CAUSES FOR GROUND WATER

Nowadays, it is widely believed that the quality of groundwater is just as vital as its quantity. Water misses its quality due to its passage from upstream to downstream and from recharge to discharge zones. Moreover, temporal changes in the origin and constitution of the recharged water, hydrologic events and anthropogenic activities, may cause periodic changes in groundwater quality (Vasanthavigar et al., 2010).

Passing through different layers of soil and geologic formations, water quality changes from recharge to discharge. Again, perception of hydrochemical evolution is still a challenge for hydrogeologists (Singh et al., 2013). Furthermore, the suitability of irrigation water is influenced by different factors such as soil type, soil drainage, salt tolerance and crop types (Michael, 2008). Therefore, groundwater quality, soil information and socioeconomic condition of the stockholders should be also considered in groundwater quality assessment to achieve the integrated water resources development (Kawy, 2012). The main focus of the present study is on groundwater quality rather than other factors.

Water, although considered a renewable resource is not available for infinite use as only six percent of the world’s total supply is fresh water. Only this fresh water can be directly used for daily human needs and thus the amount of water actually available for use is much lower than the total amount of water present on the earth. The limited amount of water then poses the issue of water scarcity in some areas and makes the wise use and sustainable management of water extremely important. To ensure this sustainable management of water and prevent any misuse, it is important to have an appropriate institutional framework that looks after the water supply. The lack of a proper framework in the past has lead to the shifting of water management from the hands of the government to the private sector (Prasad, 2007).

Ground water though viewed as one of the safe sources of water, there are also a number of quality issues that are associated with it. According to Government of Malawi (2010), some of the issues include high concentrations of minerals such as fluoride, nitrates especially in agricultural areas, manganese and fecal matter in some areas. All in all, these issues make ground water quality to be degraded too.

Surface water (waterways, streams, and lakes) covers almost 70% of the Earth 's surface are the principle wellsprings of water for mechanical, household, and watering system utilizes making it a standout amongst the most vital players in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles. As critical as these surface waters may be, just a little number are kept up and found in their normal condition because of concentrated anthropogenic exercises, for example, urbanization and surface water contamination, in this manner, making it an awesome natural issue on the planet everywhere (Zhao et al., 2011). Frequently than not, these waterways and streams are profoundly powerless water bodies in view of the part they play in carting away and taking in point (local wastewater and mechanical release) and non-point source (farming and urban spillover) contaminations (Carpenter et al., 1998). Wastewater release from local and mechanical situations makes up a steady dirtying source, though surface spillover from urbanized and farming situations are to a great extent affected by climatic conditions inside a watershed (Singh et al., 2004). Regular variety in precipitation (downpour) and its related surface overflow stream strongly affect surface water release and, in this manner, on the centralization of toxins in waterways, streams and lakes (Booth, 1991, Vega et al., 1998). In view of the confusions connected with corruption of waterways and streams, water quality masters and leaders are always

Other particularly developed nations haven’t been spared either from this menace. The existence of dirty water has been the world 's biggest health risk, and has continued to threaten the quality of life and the general public health in countries like the United States of America. Water from rainfalls running on rooftops into roads and finally into rivers picks a lot of dirt and toxic materials, getting it contaminated. The water sources have become even more vulnerable to

Rivers are the blessing on earth as they serve humans with ample fresh water supply. The purpose of the present study focuses on the combination of the GIS mapping, to indicate the status of pollution status in the sketch of River Mouri, downstream to the wastewater outfalls. The GIS mapping of the eleven wastewater study parameters reveals that the high concentrations of BOD5, COD, DO, Color, Turbidity, TDS and TSS exceeding the permissible limits is present throughout the study portion of the river. In addition, it highlighted the portions where only few parameters such as PH, Chloride, Nitrate and Sulphate are deteriorating the riverine ecosystem. The GIS application in pollutant load assessment of the study further indicates that although few pollutants, discharged into river are relatively low in concentrations at one wastewater outfall point as compared to other but may have high pollutant load that may leads to significantly higher ecological impacts. The possible application of this study is for the decision makers to introduce optimum treatment engineering controls at points of interests, prior to its disposal into River Mouri to prevent the ecological damages and protect human health.

Many Americans rely on ground water for drinking and, up to the few decades ago, there was careless release of industrial wastes into rivers and streams. The congress of the US passed the Clean Water Act in the 70’s so as to cut down on water pollution (Library of Congress., United States., & United States, 1973).

The conceptual model for this research is a network model which models the rate of flow of pollutant through a connected network of points in surface water. The water quality monitoring stations represent such points and serve as containers. From analysis of the water quality monitoring measurements of pollutants at each chosen station, it is observed that the concentration levels of pollutants tend to be high where it has not rained for a long time compared to where it rained the previous day or few days ago. This then can be interpreted to mean that the concentration of pollutant in surface water is proportional to the amount of water in the surface water body. Drought condition will concentrate the pollutants, while on the other hand rain events help to dilute the pollutes because of increase of water and also contribute to the flow of the pollutant from one point to the other

A total number of Eighty eight water samples were collected at different designated point areas in the area councils of FCT, Abuja. The qualities of the samples were analyzed for the physico-chemical properties of water supplied from difference sources in the council areas. However fourteen parameters were determined in the water samples supplied to these areas, using appropriate physical and chemical laboratory technics. The results of the physico-chemical analyses indicated variation in the amount elements (eg. pH, TDS, Colour, BOD. Anion and cations) that are present in the water consumed and supplied. Significant positive correlation was observed between and among the parameter at 0.05significant level (Kruskal-Wallis Statistical Technique).Furthermore Moran’s I was computed to examined global spatial autocorrelation. In addition to this spatial autocorrelation analysis, local clustering of the values was also examined using Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-OrdGi*) revealed point that are statistically significant hot or cold spot across the area sample. One

These reflect in deviation in groundwater quality in space & time over wider ranging geological provinces and in areas of wide-ranging hydrologic regimes. Spatial analyst tool is used to evaluate the map which represents the variation of water quality using the help of ArcGIS.