Sperm Cell Lab Report

If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

1. These enzymes are used by the sperm to create an opening in the corona radiata, zona pellucida, and plasma membrane of the oocyte for the sperm to pass through

20) The seminal vesicles produce ________, to serve as the energy source to fuel sperm motility.

There are to methods consisting of an electrical block and mechanical block, which prevents penetration of additional sperms during oocyte activation. Electrical block involves the absences of fertilization (the oocyte contains a negative charge within and the sperm a positive charge). For instance, if an oocyte comes into contact with a sperm the negative charge within the oocyte changes to positive resulting any other sperms from penetrating the oocyte since the repulsive forces between like charges. However, a mechanical block operates primarily in mammals and other animals such as endoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ion stimulates the vesicles to undertake exocytosis of molecules from cortical granules modifying the extracellular membranes such as the vitelline membrane and the zona pellucida to harden preventing polyspermy, therefore, resulting in creating a barrier against ruther sperm penetration. However, in mammals the first sperm to enter into the egg; the cortical granules found in the cortex of the egg secretes a serine protease allowing it to shift its properties of the membrane of the zona pellucida typically the layer found outside the plasma membrane. The protease grinds up the proteins and function as a receptor in binding a sperm (i.e. ZP3 glycoproteins and ZP2) as well as the ones that adhere the cell membrane to the vitelline envelope. The secreted molecules consist of

Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.

I learned that anaerobic is an organism or tissue that is living in the absence of air or oxygen while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

"Clinical tests have demonstrated that individuals who experience the ill effects of spermafortis have sperm counts near a thousand times more powerful and rich in spermatozoids than the normal man," he clarifies. "This sort of semen is genuinely like of those warm blooded animals, for example, dolphins, manatees and seals and has properties that make it unfathomably impervious to water. This condition could clarify what happened for this situation yet clinical trials and further tests would be expected to demonstrate this hypothesis," he told neighborhood reporters.

Semen is the male reproductive fluid, containing spermatozoa in suspension. Sperm is a male reproductive cell. Prostate is a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid. Urethra is a duct by which urine is convey out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen. Penis is the male genital organ of higher vertebrates, carrying the duct for the transfer of sperm during copulation. Glans is the head of a penis. A shaft is the cylindrical part of the penis between the scrotum and head. Seminiferous tubules is any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature. Seminal vesicles is each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen. Bladder is a membranous sac in human and other animals, which urine is collected for excretion.

Title: Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes Aim: Observing giant chromosomes which called polythene chromosomes by using light microscope was the purpose of this experiment. Introduction: Polythene chromosomes are generally bigger than normal chromosomes which compose of many strand of DNA. Polythene chromosomes can be used in many experiments in order to exploring genetic changes and arrangement of interphase chromosomes. DNA of polythene chromosomes replicates but the division of nucleus and cytoplasm will not occur.

In conclusion, the data that was collected helped tell us that the solutions greatly affected the cell of the egg because it caused the egg’s mass to increase than decrease. Also saw how the solutions played a role in the phospholipid bilayer and saw how it altered the shape of the egg. However, it does not support my hypothesis on the affect the egg would undergo onced placed in sugar and water but sugar was not used in this experiment, but water was used and it didn’t affect the shape of the egg, all it did was cause the egg to be in a isotonic state. According to Khan Academy (2017), states that a cell is isotonic “When the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell, there will be no net movement in or out of the cell”. Which

Testicular Torsion is a genitourinary emergency that requires immediate surgical correction. This condition causes ischemic reperfusion which damages the testicular tissue and affects the quality of sperm [1]. It usually happens following rotation of testis around the axis of the spermatic cord, and is frequently observed in newborns, children and adolescents [2]. Long-time torsion results in necrosis of the germinal cells. This may lead to subfertility or infertility [3, 4]. Testicular tissue blood flow subsequent to the reperfusion exposes the tissue to the produced reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) [5, 6] and consequently an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanism involved in testicular injury is not completely understood, however,

Sperm from the seminiferous tubules of the testis are immotile and unable to fertilize an oocyte. Epididymal maturation, a process in which severe surface protein and lipid modifications take place (Caballero et al., 2010). Changes to the sperm plasma membrane that occur during epididymal transit include

The main focus of this lab was to be able to understand the different phases of mitosis and the cell cycle and also identify what those stages may look like. Mitosis is the process in which concerns the production of new cells. For example, when apoptosis(cell death) the process of Mitosis begins to replace the dead cells. To be able to familiarize ourselves with this concept, we took a sample of an onion root and had it put through a process to be able to look at the different phases under the microscope. We found that the majority of the cells were mostly undergoing Interphase or Prophase which are the phases in charge of crossing over of DNA and where the chromosomes then become visible and the nuclear envelope dissipates. The conclusion of this lab was that Mitosis is essential for the production of new cells. In the case of the onion root sample, the cells were damaged leading to the tester to undergo Mitotic cell division and it was found that mainly Interphase and Prophase were the stages that occurred in this lab.