Spina Bifida Research Paper

There are many positive changes to the communication environment which can be made to support the communication development of children with BSED, and some have already been outlined in Assessment 2.2 and 2.3.

In Canada, a clinical study by De Wals et al was performed to assess whether or not folic acid fortification has an effect on the recurrence of NTDs (neural tube defects), especially on upper and lower birth defects called spina bifida (De Wals et al., 2008). The study was performed in three different regions in Canada: the eastern, western and central provinces (De Wals et al., 2008). Furthermore, the population of the study was conducted on three different types of births which were livebirths, stillbirths, and termination of pregnancies, and the study was carried out through three periods included prefortification, partial fortification and full fortifications (De Wals et al., 2008). The researchers followed the scientific investigation

Social – Talking out loud helps children to work through ideas, feelings and frustrations. In doing this children start to empathise and see other peoples point of view, and gradually become able to think about other people’s needs and feelings. This helps children to develop socially acceptable behaviour and build their confidence. Communicating with other children or adults in social situations helps children to understand what is expected of them and to enjoy participating. Children that have difficulties with speech, language and communication may find that their social development is impaired and they become awkward in social situations.

Neurological systems were also evaluated to identify any existing health or comorbidities promptly and to utilize interventions such as referral to neurologists, ophthalmologists, or speech pathologists if necessary. Developmental red flags, in this case, would include the inability to understand the use of action words and being unable to follow two-step direction (Bellman et al., 2013). This would be indicative of receptive language delay. Expressive language delays are characterized by a child’s inability to ask for things by name, use no less than 200 words, or repeat phrases in response to questions (Stevenson & Richman, 2016). However, none of these red flags was reported by the child’s

Children from ages 3 years to 5 years old were studied under brain scans called “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Researchers provided a story while examining the brain activity of the children. The studies showed the left area of the brain to gain activity. This part of the brain is where the memory as well as word meaning and concept are controlled. One of the authors quoted, Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus, Program Director of the Reading Literacy Discovery Center at Cincinnati Children’s Hospitals on the study led by Dr. John S Hutton, suggests the brain activity in the left region was higher among

There are rarely complications. It is even called “hidden spina bifida” because there is a small population of people who have it and do not even know it (Spina Bifida Association of America, 2015). This is the only form that you cannot physically see outside of the body. Instead, it involves a defect or splitting of some sort of the posterior arch of the L5-S1 vertebrae without the spine cord or meninges protruding. The meninges are the membranes covering the spinal cord and brain. (Bontrager 2010, p. 628). However, in some cases there are minute physical indications that could get overlooked. That’s because it can sometimes be mistaken for a dimple, birthmark, or just an abnormal tuft of hair (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 1998-2016). Most of the time when this form of spina bifida is discovered, it happens to be an incidental finding meaning the x-ray of the back was done for other reasons. Spina \bifida occulta does not usually require surgery or treatment. However in some people, pain and neurological symptoms may occur (SBAA,

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines a speech or language impairment as a “communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, oral motor disorders, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” A speech impairment involves a person 's physical ability to correctly produce the sounds needed in speech. A language impairment involves an inability to process language receptively or expressively.

Birth defects are not uncommon in our society today. In fact, 1 in every 33 babies born each year in the United States, are born with a birth defect. Overall, 120,000 children are affected with impairments and disabilities (CDC). Spina bifida falls under the category of neural tube defects. Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects an infant’s spinal cord and brain. Spina bifida affects around 1,500 to 2,000 children each year (March of Dimes). There are several forms of this disability, each varying from life-threatening to mild.

Although the exact causes are not known for sure, scientists believe there are both genetic and environmental factors that cause spina bifida. The fetus could have

Spina bifida, a type of birth defect meaning, “cleft spine” affects many babies around the globe in that their neural tube incorrectly closes and affects their spinal cord and brain. The three most common types of spina bifida are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele—in the order of least to the most debilitating. The birth defect is most commonly diagnosed with the Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein blood test, as well as other tests. The complications occurring with the most severe case of spina bifida include meningitis and the Chiari II malformation. Spina bifida can be treated with a wide variety and number of surgeries such as prenatal surgery, as well as prevented by intake of folic acid. The birth defect, spina

Communication is significant issue for many children with autism. They do not contact with other people clearly, and they also have many issues in using the language correctly. In the article “Cerebellum, Language, and Cognition in Autism and Specific Language Impairment” Hodge (2010) writes that children with autism have difficulties at the individual understands (receptive language) as well as what is actually spoken by the individual (expressive language) are significantly delayed or nonexistent. In other words, children with autism face difficulties to express their thoughts clearly or response to other people. However, In the article “Making Meaningful Worlds: Role-Playing Subcultures and the Autism Spectrum” Fein (2015) claims that there

Spina bifida is a birth defect called neural tube defects. Normally, the neural tube forms early in pregnancy and then is fully closed by the 28th day after conception. Babies with spina bifida, a portion of the tube don’t develop or close properly, causing a defect in the spinal cord and in the bones of the spine.

In the United States, the amount of children between the ages three and seventeen who have a developmental disability is estimated at 15% (CDC, 2015). Of those children, a significant portion of those children may have communication disorders that merit services from speech-language pathologist. Early signs of a language disorder may include the following: lack of smiling and interaction as an infant, decreased babbling, decreased use of gestures, decreased understanding of what others say, lack of vocabulary acquisition, poor socialization with adults and children, does not begin putting two words together to make sentences, and poor early reading and writing skills (ASHA). Speech-language therapy is implemented to foster language skills to the point at which the

spina bifida, it is also the most severe. When the spinal cord shows through an opening in

A drug addict overdoses. She has no brain activity. To be able to list her as “brain dead” what would need to occur? Is there any treatment plan that may help?