Spongy Bone Essay

Osteoporosis is marked by a decreased bone volume. Loss of spongy ("cancellous") bone is greater than

The bones are made up of two minerals, including calcium. Calcium is critical in order to maintain the level of bone mass to support structures of the body. If calcium is truncated in other regions of the body then it will be released from the bones into the bloodstream sending it to the appropriate destination. Bones begin to weaken if an insufficient amount of calcium is not consumed. The body will discontinue absorbing calcium if an abundant amount of calcium is consumed, in which vitamin D aids this process.

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones that affects bones making them low in bone mass fragile and will lead to bone fracture. Bone fracture will easily occur as this disease cause the matrix inside the bone become weak and brittle.Bones can become so brittle due to activities such as coughing can cause fractures.According to Macgill (2015) the origin of the word osteoporosis explain the condition of ‘osteo’ is for bone and ‘porosis’ means porous that resulting in weakness. At this condition, the bone tissue is mineralized normally, but the production is not enough to preserve the normal skeletal architecture. 80% of women and 20% men of 28 million American are affected with the osteoporosis. Approximately, women with the age of 50 will develop osteoporosis. Thin bones are the cause of 1.5 million fractures a year. As in Malaysia, the statistic shows that osteoporosis related to fractured is the common health problem especially in elderly..

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Throughout a lifetime, old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is added (formation) to the skeleton. During childhood and teenage years, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. Consequently, bone become larger, heavier, and denser. Bone formation continues at a pace faster than resorption until peak bone mass, which is reached around age 30. After age 30, bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation. In women, bone loss is most rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years. Based on year 2000 census data, it is estimated that 55% of people age 50 and older have either osteoporosis or low bone mass. The major risk

Endochondral Ossification. Most bones of the human skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. During endochondral ossification, bone replaces a cartilaginous model of the bones. Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) lays down a cartilage model that is shaped like the future bones. As the cartilage model calcifies the chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts from the periosteum secrete the organic bone matrix that undergoes calcification. The result is an outer layer of compact bone called a bone collar which covers the diaphysis. Blood vessels bring osteoblasts into a region of the cartilage called the primary ossification center where they produce spongy bone. The spongy bone of the diaphysis is absorbed by Osteoclasts creating the

When a femur becomes osteoporotic, it is the outer layer of the bone around the epiphyses and diaphysis, which begins to thin. This is the compact bone. In the distal and proximal epiphyses there would also be a loss of the cancellous bone. This is where the spongy bone is. When a bone is osteoporotic, a person becomes more susceptible to suffering from a bone fracture. On an x-ray, an osteoporotic femur doesn’t look as dense as a normal femur x-ray. In some of them you can see the larger spaces that are made in the trabeculae of the bone. This is the part that has a spongy appearance. In a normal femur the spaces in the spongy bone are smaller and dense. In the osteoporotic bone, the spaces are larger, which makes the bone more fragile. It doesn’t have as strong of a structure as a normal bone would.

Generally, bone can be classified into two categories according to its structure, cortical (compact) and trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. Cortical bone is stiff, with 5–10% porosity, and it makes up approximately 80% of skeletal bone, including cuboidal bones, flat bones, and the ends of long bones. Cortical bone is much denser, stiffer, and stronger than trabecular bone. The average strength of a compact human bone was 105 MPa in a longitudinal compression test, and was 131 MPa in a transversal compression test. In the same experiment, the average longitudinal strength in tension was 53 MPa [39]. In contrast, the porosity of trabecular bone is approximately 50–95%, which is higher than that of cortical bones. The surface area of the

Firstly, you must know that they are two types of bones that involved in the osteoporosis, which is the cortical bone and cancellous bone or we known it as spongy bone or trabeculae bone. These two types of bones have it own unique structure and function that help to maintain the structure of the bone itself.

Bone is a living organism that is continuously regenerating its self through two stages (formation and resorption). In the resorption stage old bone is broken down then removed by cells. Then in the formation stage, new bone is built to replace the old by cells called osteoclasts. When the human body is younger more bone is produced than removed and as the body grows in age it’s the opposite also known as primary osteoporosis since it isn’t caused by other condition or long time medication.

The balance between the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is very important when it comes to the maintenance of bone health and strength; when osteoclasts remove calcium faster than osteoblasts can deposit it, bones become weaker.

Osteoporosis is a condition that affects bone strength. The word osteoporosis literally means "porous bones" (Kenny). Bone is made of tough, elastic fibers and gritty, hard material minerals. It is a living tissue and contains cells that make, mold and take back up resorb bone. Initially, as a person grow, the bone tends to form faster than it is resorbed (Kenny). But, as you get older, this reverses. Around the age of 35 you will start you start to lose a certain amount of bone material overall. Your bones become less dense and less strong (Kenny). Although men can be affected by osteoporosis, older women are usually affected also. It usually hit women who has past menopause. Bone loss becomes worse in women after menopause because of the

Skeletisation of a dead body has made identification of the remains trickier. As humans, we become accustomed to recognise others from outer body appearances, not their insides. However, it is well established that morphological and metric changes occur on certain bones through a human's lifetime (e.g. Pelvis: Phenice, 1969, Skull: Meindl and Lovejoy, 1985, Long bones: France, 1998) making identification possible. To complicate matters, morphological and metric changes can differ within and between human population groups due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors (DiGangi and Moore, 2012). An example of this is nutritional deficiency, which effects males more than females and causes reduced sexual dimorphism (Ross, Baker and Falsetti, 2003). Recently, there has been a global trend to establish population specific standards for identification due to such variation. Compared to America, much of Europe and other areas have not had as much opportunity to conduct research on modern populations,

The skeletal system is made up of bones and joints. Bones are a dry dense tissue that is composed of calcium phosphorous and organic matter. The bones are protected and covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum (Brown, et al., 2015, p. 1547). There are two basic types of bone tissue: Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. Compact bones are dense smooth bones, while Spongy bones are composed of small needle-like pieces of bones and open space. Bones are then categorised according to the shape of the bone into four groups: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones characteristically are typically longer then they are wide and generally have a shaft with heads at either ends e.g. the humerus. They are mainly compact bones. Short bones

In the past decade, network television has been bombarded by crime shows attempting to make their mark on viewers. All of these programs—CSI, Lie to Me, Numb3rs, Law & Order—have the same general set up of a male lead with a hot-head who is complemented by his team of FBI agents. As a loyal viewer and fan of Bones, I often wonder what makes it stay afloat with so many shows out there like it. Could it be that Bones isn’t like any of the other crime shows? Through its crimes and unsolved murders, Bones helps its viewers make sense of the disastrous world around them. The world we live in is full of danger and unsolved crime, but after watching Dr. Brennan, her team of “squints” and Agent Booth solve even the most bizarre murders, the