Sprouting Angiogenesis

In William Li’s talk, we know there is a medical revolution happening around us, and there is something can treat us from the cancer, it is called angiogenesis. It is based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels. Also he tells us about the blood vessels and how can we prevent the cancer from eating.

mediators, causing increasing capillary permeability and widespread fluid shift into the interstitial space, which was no longer functioning to maintain vascular volume (known as third spacing) in addition, causing further vasodilation to occur.

Correspondingly, there are two pathways that transports blood to the brain called internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. The internal carotid artery has three layers call the tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima. Tunica intima is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastin. The basilar artery forms and it branches out to the posterior cerebral arteries. The posterior cerebral arteries form the internal carotid arteries and when they connect they make cerebral arterial circle ( circle of willis). The middle cerebral arteries branch out two separate arteries called the anterior cerebral arteries. Each of these arteries are the force that direct the blood flow to the brain. There are three tiny vascular systems that work together to profuse the deep brain. Which are the pial, subependymal, and lenticulostriate arteries. The small area of white matter that depends on blood flow is called the subcortical “shed water” area. The subcortical is more prone than other areas of the brain to have ischemia. The leading cause of ischemia is the fibrin builds up and this cause a narrowing of the lumen. Which does not allow the flow of red blood cells and deprives the white matter of tissue of oxygen. The tissue then losses density and produces white matter lesions. The neurons become demyelinated which leads to loss of cognitive ability.

Arteries contain three layers: tunica intima, media and adventitia. Within and surrounding these layers are elastic fibers, smooth muscle, collagen fibers, macrophages and connective tissues, while the inside of the tunica intima contain endothelial cells.

Thumbing through the pages of Business Week, the headline read Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer. Interested, I continued to read the short article. According to the reporter, Otis Port, researchers at California State University in Fresno say that they have isolated four substances in shark cartilage that appear to inhibit cancer (93). Curious, I continued to read the rest of the article. The chemicals block a mechanism discovered in the mid-1980s at Harvard University: Tumor cells secrete a protein called angiogenin that entices blood vessels to grow close to cancers and nourish them. The shark extracts counteract angiogenin and the tumor starves (93). I sat there pondering the

Microvasular veins are some of the small veins in our body, referred to as vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules located in the retina and body. The micro-vasculatures of the brain and retina have common physiological properties, they both have high metabolic active tissues, similar embryological origins and are homologous (Meier, M. H. et al, 2013). "Both vascular networks share similar vascular regulatory processes (Lassen, 1964; Hardy et al. 1997; Delaey & Van de

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires a series of mutation during mitosis to develop, its characteristics can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells have make it hard to find a single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies

Angiogenesis is the creation and formation of new blood vessels. The process of angiogenesis involves the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells, which line the inside of blood vessels. Angiogenesis is controlled by chemical signals in the body; the signals can stimulate the repair of damaged blood vessels and the formation of new blood vessels. There are also other chemical signals, called angiogenesis inhibitors, that interfere with blood vessel formation. Usually, the stimulating and inhibiting effects of these chemical signals are balanced so that the blood vessels form only when and where they are needed (Boudreau).

Dr. Moses Judah Folkman recently discovered Angiogenesis and it seems like a promising cure for localized cancers and tumors. In other words, these injections cause cancers to shrink without harming the cancer-laden person with virtually no side effects. Folkman surmised that to grow, tumors needed blood and send out an unknown substance that coaxes nearby blood vessels into sprouting new capillaries. Angiogenesis prohibits blood vessels from sprouting and the tumor is choked off. This new treatment has proven effective in human cancers grafted and cloned in both mice and rabbits with no apparent side effects. Once bed-ridden cancer patients may be able to relish in a semi-ordinary lifestyle while undergoing angiogenesis injections as

The three layers of the blood vessels are tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima in the inner most layer of blood vessel, consists of endothelium and delicate connective tissue basement membrane. The internal elastic membrane separates the tunica intima from blood vessels middle layer. Middle layer is called tunica media. It consists of smooth muscle cells circularly arranged around the blood vessel. The amount of blood flowing through a blood vessel can be regulated by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle in the tunica media. A decrease in blood vessel diameter caused by smooth muscle contraction. An increase in blood vessel diameter resulting from smooth muscle relaxation. This layer also contains

This leads to the cleavage of notch, and as a result, the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), it is free to travel to the nucleus, where it forms a complex with the transcription factor Rbpj. this allows to start the transcription of target genes. Notch signaling in endothelial cell is necessary to promote vessel morphogenesis, limit endothelial cell sprouting, control endothelial cell proliferation.

As angiogenesis in solid tumors facilitates metastasis and mass increase, the inhibition of angiogenesis by autophagic cell death may inhibit tumor progression. (Ng, G., & Huang, J., 2005).

Vascular endothelial factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor which plays an important role in regulating normal physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Correctly timed expression of VEGF at appropriate levels is crucial for normal development of vasculature and homeostasis, but also vital for solid tumour growth. VEGF is highly expressed in solid tumours and is required for the development and maintenance of blood vessels within the tumour, which is a prerequisite for successful tumour growth and metastasis.

On one hand, tumor cells induce platelet aggregation [TCIPA] known to act as the trigger of cancer associated thrombosis and on the other, recruited to the tumor microenvironment platelets interact directly with tumor cells favoring their proliferation and indirectly through the release of a wide palette of growth factors, angiogenic and mitogenic proteins. The role of platelets is not only confined to the primary tumor site. They escort tumor cells helping their intravasation, vascular migration and extravasation to the tissues forming distant metastasis.

They aim to cut off the blood supply of tumor cells by using antiangiogenic drugs or nutritions. They call this antiangiogenic therapy. Tumor blood vessels are not normal. Their configurations are different from healthy vessels. Because of that, they become a target for antiangiogenic drugs more. In some cancers types like brain tumor and breast cancer, doctors used this therapy and tumor cells completely disappeared. Then, they begin to study for other cancer types in animals. William Li one of the pioneer of this project. He choose a 20-year-old dolphin, she had lesions in her mouth and these lesions turned to invasive squamous cell cancer. He made an paste for lesions. After seven months, the cancer gone. He tried to cure lots of animals and most of them enterly heal or increased