Stable and Self Adaptive Routing for Mobile and Ad Hoc Networks Using Cross Layer Design

the routing protocol is simply flooding, S will broadest the data packets and then these data packets are rebroadcasted by every neighbor of S, and

The CSC consists of a sequence of four steps which are executed in sequence: \textit{(i)} Nodes use their maximum transmission power to connect to their neighboring nodes; \textit{(ii)} CC-links are established to increase connectivity; \textit{(iii)} The resulting topology from steps 1 and 2 are combined and we use topology control to select the routes towards the sink node that reduce the number of hops to reach the sink node.

In a figure all ways from S to D incorporate hosts that are outside the request zone. Accordingly, there is no surety that a way can be discovered comprising just of the hosts in a picked request zone. In this manner, if a route is not found inside of a suitable timeout period, our convention Wows S to start another route disclosure with an extended request zone – in our simulations, the extended zone incorporates the whole system space. in this case the inactivity in deciding the route to D be longer.

| Given a network topology of two or more routers and an IPv4 addressing scheme, implement static routing and confirm layer 3 connectivity.

5. Loading state – In this state one neighbor sends LSRs (Link State Requests) for every network about whom it does not know. The other neighbor replies with the LSUs (Link State Updates) which will have information about requested networks. After all the requested information has been received, the same process will be going to repeat for all other neighbor.

In the location-based routing, sensor nodes are distributed randomly in an interesting area. They are positioned mostly by utilizing of Global position system. The distance among the sensor nodes is evaluated by the signal strength obtained from those nodes and coordinates are computed by interchanging information among neighbouring nodes. Location-based routing networks are;

where $F$ is a second order tensor representing link strength ($vec(F)$ is the vectorization operation of the matrix $F$), $F^{\ast}$ represents the observed parts of the network.The first term of Eq.\eqref{equ:5} indicates that the two link strength values $F_{i,j}$ and $F_{l,m}$ for the two pairs should be close to each other if the similarity between the two pairs is large. The second term is the loss function that fits the predictions to their target values of the known parts of the network. The second term also acts as a regularization term to prevent the predictions from being too far from zero, and also for numerical stability (the $\ast$ is the Hadamard product). $\sigma > 0$ and $\mu > 0$ are regularization parameters which balance the two terms of Eq. \eqref{equ:5}. $L$ is a $MN \times MN$ Laplacian matrix.

The attacker correlates the packet transmission times of each node and traces the packets hop-by-hop from its source to its destination. The intuition here is that under normal scenarios, each intermediate forwarder will forward a packet towards its destination without adding additional delay or packet mixing. Privacy can be enhanced when each forwarder node adds a random delay before transmitting the packet ~\cite{zhang2012, shao2008} or route the packets to fake destinations~\cite{deng2005}.

In this example, here node A wants to send data packets to node D and starts to find the shortest path for its destination, so if node D is a malicious node then it will show that it has active route to the specified destination. It will then send the response In the example, data packets transfer in a hierarchic data center network. The link capacity is 1000 kb/s. The number on each is the traffic load. The distribution of traffic is based on equal cost multi-path (ECMP). In figure 8, we can see that the 3). Congestions

In order to mix the good strings and protect the effective ones simultaneously, the probability of crossover and mutation are considered as 0.8 and 0.1 respectively. This entire process is repeated, until the improvement in fitness values (from previous to current Pareto-optimal set) is less than a chosen precision, ǫ. Undoubtedly, actual precision value (ǫ) will be distinct according to corresponding QoS parameters. 10−6, 10−5 and 10−3 are chosen as the precision values for the probabilities of end-to-end delay, total bandwidth and overall energy consumption respectively. Finally, the strategy returns the results of the discovered QoS-route (whether success or failure and the set of routes) to the cross-layer QoS-provisioning algorithm shown in Figure

Being proactive, AODV doesn’t need all its nodes in a network to maintain the routes to destinations rather request a route only when needed i.e., only the nodes which are communicating would require to maintain the route. Also AODV uses sequence numbers to avoid routing loops like in DSDV. Whenever a node needs to communicate with another node, a route has to be found and for that purpose Route Request (RREQ) message is broadcasted to all its neighbors till it reaches the destination node or route to destination. A temporary route table entry in initiated by the RREQ messages throughout the network. Once the destination or a route is found, Route Reply (RREP) message is sent back to source by unicasting along the temporary reverse path of the received RREQ message. RREP message initiates in creating a routing table entries for the destination in intermediate nodes on its way back to source. After certain amount of time these routing table entries expire. Neighbors are detected by periodic HELLO messages (a special RREP message). If a node A does not receive HELLO messages from a neighbor B through which it sends traffic, it assumes that a link is broken and the failure indication is forwarded to its active neighbors. When this message reaches the sources, then either they request a new route by sending new RREQ messages or stop sending data. HELLO messages and the

We have simulated another network having 30 numbers of nodes. The simulation is made using the same platform used for network 1. This simulation is done taking node 1 as a source and node 28 as destination. The optimal path obtained in this simulation is 1-23-13-28, in which data rate is 0.47 kbps. The second optimal path is 1-17-28, in which data rate is 0.35 kbps. The simulated results are summarized here in

The objective of the topology control algorithm is to adjust the transmission power to minimize interference, which is contradictory to the requirement of delay constraint. When transmission power is increased to reduce the delay, which increases the number of neighbors covered by the transmission range and causes more interference from other active nodes in the network. In order to reduce packet loss and improve the throughput by adaptive-FEC technique can be incorporated with DCHS

A node with the best behavior is assigned with the highest trust value e.i. 2, the nodes detected with the malicious behavior is assigned with the trust value < 0.5. The road side units (RSUs) are updated with the calculated trust values. Here, attacks related to the Link layer and physical layer are not considered. Instead, we have route trust values of the nodes and total number of nodes. Main advantage of the system is that malicious nodes are isolated from taking part in the network communication as we consider only most trustworthy node in the network.

In wireless networks, propagation path loss plays a major role in determining the quality of service because a poorly designed path can result in periodic system outages. Propagation path loss accurate determination leads to the development of high quality and robust network. To determine or validate the values of propagation path loss of an existing network in a given environment several types of research have been carried out in many countries in the past and are still ongoing [6]. In the continued evolution of network standards, appropriate path loss propagation models must be deployed to maximise the standard of quality of service in an area. In this literature review, a general overview of propagation mechanisms is discussed. The free