Stages And Development Of Sigmund Freud's Psychoosexual Development

The parents, in this case, are critical social agents to help the toddler learn how to develop. The third stage according to Erikson is the initiative stage where the child uses their imagination to fulfill ideas expressing themselves freely. They also imitate their parents, wanting to take responsibilities and to act as an adult. Being unable to fulfill the ideas creates a feeling of guilt, thus finding a balance is important for the successful advance of this stage. Erikson’s t 4th stage explains the confidence and difficulties of learning to read or write, things children wish to achieve but are insecure to do because they compare themselves with others. The process seems overwhelming but it is a natural process of learning that takes the time to master. Freud in this stages mentioned before explains the pleasure derived from urination in the anal stage, from stimulating genitals and from the attraction to others in the phallic stage. The latency stage described by Freud agrees more with the 4th stage since the child turns his attention to school work and

All children and young people develop at different rates, but the order which they advance in differs very little. Children’s development tends to progress from head to toe, inner to outer, from simple to complex and from general to specific.

Sex education, as it is understood today, was unknown until about 200 years ago. Since children were taking part in almost all adult

5. Which of the following represents the correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial development?

a child to participate in activities that are for the sexual gratification of the person

·         List and define the four stages of Masters and Johnson’s human sexual response cycle. (Page 217) Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

And not the child's mind only. The adult's mind too – all his life long. The mind that judges and desires and decides – made up of these suggestions. But all these suggestion are our suggestions!'" (Page 23, BNW) By demolishing the ‘dirtiness' of sex, the sacredness has also been eliminated and thus efficiently eliminating any thoughts which may lead to deeper emotions.

During the oral stage, the infant enjoys eating and sucking objects, during the anal stage, it develops an interest in the anal region, and during the phallic stage it gains satisfaction from the genital region. Afterwards, there is a latency stage and a genital stage. During the Phallic stage, it was proposed that boys developed the Oedipus complex. This involved a

0-3 years From the stages between 0-3 year’s children are learning their reflexes, about people around them, how to play alongside others etc. During this stage it is very important that all children get every type development without any problems as this may cause harsh conditions for them in the future.

The oral stage is associated with the mouth area as the infant gains pleasure from sucking, swallowing, biting and chewing. The psychological theme to the oral stage is dependency as a baby can do little for itself. Too much or too little fulfilment can result in Oral Fixation. This fixation will be carried onto later life, where this type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink, over eat and bite their nails. The anal stage is associated with the anal cavity and sphincter muscles of the bowel, which are now the main sources of pleasure. The child learns to control anal stimulation. Anal fixation can result in obsession with cleanliness and perfection. On the opposite side they may become disorganised and/or untidy. The phallic stage is associated with the genital area where this becomes the primary area pleasure. The child at this stage becomes aware of the sex differences; both boys and girls experience emotional feelings in relation to the opposite sex parent. The latency stage is the

It allows an individual to regulate standards, embrace moral values and decides whether or not the ego has implemented problem-solving strategies that are acceptable (Shaffer et al, 2010; Wedding & Corsini, 2014). Ultimately, Freud believed that sex was the most important instinct influencing personality and any mental disturbance revolved around sexual conflicts that were suppressed from childhood. Furthermore, Freud believed that parents permitting too much or too little gratification of sexual needs led to a fixation on that activity throughout their lifetime (Shaffer et al., 2010). This fixation can eventually lead to a regression in behaviour. Regression can determine whether or not the behaviour is psychopathological in nature depending on intensity and changes within their personality (Kerig & Wenar, 2006; Lothane, 2006).

The boy then feels hostility and jealously towards his father, but then will come to realize that his father is much more powerful then he is. Freud says, “ the boy will then experience castration anxiety which is the fear that his father will punish him by castration (Freud, 1993) .” Fixation at a particular stage may result If the developmental conflicts are not successfully resolved. He figured if this feelings were not successfully resolved then they would contribute to neuroses in later life. The only way anyone could resolve the Oedipus Complex and the anxieties from the complex , the boy ultimately will join force with the enemy by resorting to the defense mechanism of identification.

The oral stage of development, begins at birth (even prenatally) and ends approximately, when the child is one-year old. The source of libido or pleasure and conflict, is the mouth. The child will enjoy sucking, feeding, and putting things in their mouth. The psychological theme here is dependency. Babies can do very little for themselves, and this would be the time where they are cared for deeply by their mothers and their most intimate bonding time. When a child is deprived of this and his/ her needs are not properly fulfilled it can lead to an oral fixation or overindulgence in their later life. Fixation in this stage could lead to problems such as smoking, nail biting, pen chewing, overeating, alcoholism, sarcasm and verbal hostility. (Sammons,

Sexual behaviour is natural instinct in human beings. This instinct develops slowly in girls & boys right from their birth. Social environment, religious culture and the parental affection received by the child up to the age of 8 to 10 reflects in sexual emotions rising during adolescence.

During this stage pleasure arises from genital stimulation. This is also the stage where children experience the Oedipus or Electra complex (Barlow, Durand, Stewart, 2009; Shaffer et al., 2010). Freud alleged that young boys would have sexual fantasies that included their mothers with accompanying feelings of anger toward their fathers. This was coupled with fears that their fathers would castrate them led to the Oedipus complex (Barlow, Durand, Stewart, 2009). Alternatively, girls may suffer from what is known as the Electra complex. Freud supposed that girls wanted to replace their mother’s place and assume a relationship with their father. This was coupled with penis envy of a brother or father as girl’s wished they could be more like the male figures in their life (Barlow, Durand, Stewart, 2009). If this stage was not resolved in childhood, Freud believed that anxiety from unresolved conflicts with same-sex parent lead to neuroses (Shaffer et al, 2010).