Stages and Prognosis of Breast Cancer

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as the title given to a group of related diseases. All types of cancer are categorized by uncontrollable growth of cells that metastasize to surrounding tissues. Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. ?Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer develops, this orderly process gets reformatted. As cells increasingly get more irregular, old or damaged cells begin to survive when they should die, and new cells develop in the body when there is no need for them. These abnormal cells have the ability to divide without stopping and tend to result in growths called tumors?(cancer.gov). Cancerous tumors are defined as malignant meaning that they can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to distant places in places within the body and form new cancerous tumors. There are over 100 forms of cancer and they are usually named after the organs or tissues where the cancers originate. Staging of cancer is used when describing the severity of a person?s cancer and is based upon the following

Assessing metastatic involvement of the lymph nodes in breast cancer patients is important in planning surgical and adjuvant therapies. A trend toward breast-conserving therapies with the goal of improving quality of life for breast cancer patients has driven the need to accurately assess lymph nodal staging. The concept of a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a valuable tool in evaluating metastatic spread of primary breast tumors (Maaskant-Braat et al.,2012; Noushi et al., 2013). Tokin et al. (2012) describe how the process of tumor spread via the lymphatics occurs to the first draining lymph node, then to subsequent nodes within the same basin and beyond. Breast lymphoscintigraphy has emerged as a useful means of identifying the SLN, although many patient factors, choice of radiopharmaceutical, injection technique, and imaging protocol may affect the successful outcome. The ideal exam protocol would combine speed, accuracy, and sensitivity to identifying the SLN with the least amount of burden to the patient and resources involved (Povoski et al., 2006; Sadeghi et al., 2009; Tokin et al., 2012).

Marybeth has been healthy for the most of her life, however, she was diagnosed with stage III breast cancer in October, 2015. After the surgery, she went for one chemo therapy. She was supposed to have 4 sessions. But she decided not to take the rest of the chemo therapy due to her financial hardship at the time. She was ready whenever the Lord wanted her. She drove to work a week after her surgery, and she kept telling herself that she could do this.

Breast Cancer is a cancerous tumor that has developed within the cells of the breast. The most ordinary area in the breast for breast cancer to develop is the ducts, and less ordinary in the lobules of the breast. The cancerous cells can intrude healthy breast tissue over time, or cells can break off from the tumor and travel to the lymph nodes and into the lymphatic system which could take them to other parts of the body (“Breast Cancer-Woman’s”).

Diagnosis of cancer is not only the most important aspect in the overall management of the cancer patient, but it is also a very comprehensive and challenging task. It has been established beyond doubt that earlier the commencement of the treatment, better is the outcome; this is true for all diseases and more so for cancer. Research and studies have validated that the probability of survival for a time period of five years in a patient of breast cancer stage I is 90%–95%. However, this probability in case of patients in Sstage IV is found to be a mere 15%. This indicates not only the huge difference in the survival of patients according to their different stages of the disease, but also lays emphasis on the need for an early

After I read a summary of the show, I felt sad because Joni suffered from chronic pain and stage three breast cancer. She must be so painful and she does not want to live her life with pain every day. First, she complained about God, but later she understood God. I was surprised because she tried to persuade herself that she has a sin. That is why she was not healed. It was a new information that about 75 % of people who left with physical disabled from an accident experienced divorce. However, her husband, Ken, did not give up his marriage life and fell in with her again.

There are five stages of breast cancer. The stages are dependent on the tumor size, lymph node status and metastases. The progression of the cancer tends to be consistent and predictable. When cancer is left untreated, it will

CNBSS findings were released at the 13, 11-16 and 25 year marks. Results from the first period concluded that early mammography and physical examination of the breasts detected considerably more node-negative, small tumours than usual care, but it had no impact on the rate of death from breast cancer.1 Due to the length of the observational period following enrollment in the study, subjects fell between 50 and 59 years old at the time of this evaluation. The mortality ratio between the two groups at first look was 1.36. Both groups showed similar survival rates1. Upon the second evaluation, researchers acknowledged the benefit of improved detection of impalpable and even in situ breast carcinomas with screening, but were adamant that mammography played no role in reducing mortality rate2. The 25 year findings are of particular importance, as the CNBSS is now the longest running observational study of its kind. All-cause mortality was 9477 or 10.6% in the follow up period3. At the 25 year mark, 505 women in the control arm had died of breast cancer versus 500 in the mammography arm. One point that was mentioned in many studies is the over-diagnosis consequence of

When patients get their mammogram results to find out that they have cancer, they can already feel that fear of their uncertain future of doctor visits and treatments which makes them very depressed. Their future is uncertain due to the little understanding of how to ultimately stop cancer. One way is to be active in chemotherapy. However, the chemo rate of success is very low leaving cancer patients very few options left to treat their cancer if chemo seems ineffective. I am determined to find more ways to treat breast cancer so that more patients could actually become a little bit more hopeful to when they find out their results.

Breast cancer exists today as a vicious disease which has multiple facets for killing its host. The largest indicator of survival rate is length of time alive after diagnosis with the disease, and then whether or not the disease has metastasized to a new location in the body. For breast cancer patients, the 5-year survival rate of patients below Stage 4 is 90%. The stages below the 4 stage represent the stages where the breast cancer has not metastasized into other regions of the body. When breast cancer metastasizes into another region of the body, the 5-year survival rate of these individuals drops to 22%. The most common places of metastasis include the brain, liver, and lungs. The goal of studying cell line 231BR is that of

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a common diagnosed cancer among women. The cancer affects thousands of lives yearly. It’s estimated that 30,700 new cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2016. The cause for breast cancer occurs when the cells begin to grow out of control. The cells buildup and eventually form a tumor which can be felt as a lump around the breast area. African American women are the most affected by the cancer. Breast cancer is the second common cancer deaths for African American women. Breast cancer incidence rates among African American women increased drastically during the 1980s. The survival rate for African American women are 80% compared to 91% of white women during early diagnosed stage. A diagnostic test use to make detailed pictures of the inside of the breast is Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The test itself is

In addition to invasive breast cancer, 60,290 new cases of in situ breast cancer weare expected to occur among women in 2015. Moreover, an estimated 40,290730 breast cancer deaths weare expected in 2015 [2]. However, as a result of advances in early detection and treatment, compared to today breast cancer patients can expect survival that is similar to age-matched women without the disease, [3]. Tthe 5-year relative survival for women diagnosed with localized breast cancer has increased from 80% in the 1950s to 899% today [2].

Cancer is among one of the most deadly diseases along with diabetes to set foot on this planet. Breast cancer is the most common for women and has accounted for more than 190,000 diagnoses in the year of 2009 alone (Susan, 2009). Treatment advances have been taking into action and further research has been done to minimize the total amount of patients in treatment. Even then, Cost of treatment has been a factor to some patients because those seeking medical attention are not aware of the expenses up front. While bladder cancer has become increasingly more expensive, is has reached from four billion $USD and now estimated to about five billion by 2020 (2014). Minor setbacks have been present when dealing with radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT). Radiation toxicities have been common with RT, therefore, patients experience some sort of symptoms. Treatment objection highly depends on the area of the tumor as well as the stage. According to Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences (2012) Living with side effects from cancer treatment – a challenge to target information. “Chemotherapy for breast cancer or colorectal cancer influences nutrition due to nausea and vomiting”.

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The

Breast cancer staging using the TNM system is based on the size of the tumor (T), whether or not the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes (N) in the armpits, and whether the tumor has metastasized (M). Larger size, nodal spread, and metastasis have a larger stage number and a worse prognosis (Carlson et al., 2009).