Staphylocaccus Aureus And Human Cancer

These reports of infection and colonization by strains of MRSA in children provide compelling evidence that MRSA strains have gained a foothold in the community and are emerging as important outpatient pathogens.1

The reason this disease has been able to infect more and more people over time is because MRSA is a strain of staph that has become resistant to certain antibiotics that would normally be used to treat normal staph infections.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a spherical bacteria which is known to produce a cytotoxin called Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PLV) which destroys leukocytes, and kills tissue (Lina et al., 1999). Five percent of strains of Staphylococcus are known to produce the disease-causing toxin (Lina et al., 1999), but though the amount of PLV-producing strains is somewhat small, the strains which produce PLV are apparently resistant to vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat staph infections (CDC, 2002). The first recorded case of S. aureus resistance to vancomycin was a reduction in sensitivity to the antibiotic observed in Japan, and has since spread to the United States (CDC, 2002). The most common source of infection of these drug-resistant bacteria are actually in hospitals, wherein the patients are exposed to the bacteria and subsequently infected (CDC, 2002).

Staphylococcus aureus is a cluster bacterium that can be found on the skin of around 25% of healthy adults. This bacterium is growing everyday all over the world and many people have no idea they are even carriers. “Staphylococcus aureus is present in the nose of adults (temporarily in 60% and permanently in 20 to 30%) and sometimes on the skin” (Levison). This bacterium has the ability to cause skin infection and sometimes may lead to severe life threatening diseases. There are several different strains of staphylococcus and depending on the severity of the infection is how a health care provider decides the treatment most efficient. Impetigo is more common in children, but adults still have the chance of getting this skin condition. Toxic Shock Syndrome is also associated with S. aureus and is found in at least 50% of the cases to date. S. aureus can display a variety of symptoms and all vary with the disease at hand. Symptoms can range from a boil on the skin or in the nose to skin rashes. More severe symptoms can be carbuncles and infection of the blood (sepsis).Staphylococcus aureus is an ugly bacterium; that can lead to several diseases, such as Toxic Shock Syndrome and Impetigo. S. aureus has multiple symptoms and is treated with a variety of antibiotics.

Community-associated MRSA is an infection that occurs without healthcare exposure. This infection may spread among sports teams, child care centers, and other similar settings.

More than often this microorganism are passed to the individual by a facilitated hospital, which gives rise to the great importance in the study of this bug and particular strains(Espedido). For students that aspire to be part of the healthcare field they will deal with Staphylococcus often and should identify thoughts that are carriers, transmitters, and infected by this bacteria with ease (Kiser 67). Notably, within twenty minutes of a baby being born Staphylococcus has already taken space on the skin, and throughout the course of life everyone will at some point be effected by this super bug. The uniqueness of this bacterium has many virulent factors, it could be caused by an alteration in own bacteria DNA, exposure, transmission, infections among many other ways to bring hostility to one’s life (Tristan). As the years progress, so has medicine; nevertheless, shown in a recent article relating to the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, more and more people are being infected and die

Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation that yields principally lactic acid. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. Aureus can grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains of S. aureus produce the enzyme coagulase: nearly all strains of S. epidermis lack this enzyme.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a relevant infectious bacterium to the healthcare field today due to its resistance to many antibiotics. MRSA is a gram-positive organism that is most commonly transmitted through skin to skin contact with others who are carriers of this strain. Patients in hospitals and nursing homes are at higher risk for acquiring this bacteria with symptoms that range from a skin infection to sepsis. MRSA is an infectious disease that is continuously on the rise due to the increased rate of antibiotics being prescribed. These bacteria have gone from being Methicillin-Resistant to multiple drug resistance, making them deadlier than ever.

In particular, S. aureus isolates of concern to the medical community are methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains, which are also persistent colonizers. Increased risk factors for S. aureus infection are persistent colonization, patients with type 1 diabetes, intravenous drug users, patients undergoing hemodialysis, surgical patients, and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Patients with qualitative or quantitative defects in leukocyte function are also at

Staphylococcus Aureus is a bacteria formed in a group. It is more commonly referred to as staph infections, ( pronounced staff ). Staph infections can be mild to severe in nature, and if left untreated can be fatal. They can be treated with different medications depending on the type of infection. Topical, oral, or intravenous medications can be used. There are many different types of staph infections to include, MRSA (methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus), pneumonia and cellulitis. This paper will target how staph infections effect adult subjects.

In 1961, soon after the introduction of methicillin, the first β-lactamase-resistant penicillin, strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were resistant to methicillin were identified in the United Kingdom. From the 1960s into the early 1970s, MRSA infections in Europe were limited largely to hospital outbreaks caused predominantly by S. aureus phage type 83A (subsequently identified to be sequence type 250; this so-called “archaic clone” gradually became infrequent and was replaced in the 1970s and 1980s by five prevalent clonal lineages, although many MRSA backgrounds existed between the 1960s and 2000. The terms Community-Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and hospital acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) have been used to call attention both to the genotypic differences of certain MRSA isolates as well as to the epidemiological and clinical features of the

Staphylococci are known to be opportunistic pathogens, meaning that they take advantage of a wound or weakened immune system within a host. Infections are predominantly found in hair follicles, sutures, and even along the respiratory tract (Mahon et al. 2011). Upon entering skin or mucous membranes, staphylococci are able to produce and secrete several components that allow them to survive in the host and cause damage to host tissues (Coates et al. 2014). Pathogenicity of staphylococci can be attributed to various virulence factors, including surface proteins (Protein A), exfoliatin toxins, and biofilm formation (Crossley et al. 2009).

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen of more importance due to rise in resistance to antibiotic (Lowy, 1998).It is different from the CoNS (e.g. S. epidermidis), and more venomous despite their phylogenic similarity (Waldvogel, 1990; Projan and Novick, 1997). CoNS when grown on solid media form translucent white color colonies (Howard and Kloos, 1987). Genome databases to date the staphylococcus aureus have been completed for 7 strains, MRSA, 8325, MSSA COL, MW2, N315, and Mu50. S. aureus genome average size is 2.8Mb (Kuroda et al., 2001). S. aureus cell wall is 20-40 nm thick a hard protective coat, which is generally unstructured in appearance (Shockman and Barrett, 1983). Under the cell wall is the cytoplasm that is enclosed by the cytoplasmic

Staphylococcus aureus are found in the noses of about 30% of the population with the possibility of causing serious or fatal infections especially in the healthcare setting such as bacteremia, pneumonia, endocarditis and osteomyelitis (CDC, 2011). To differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from other Staphylococci, it is necessary to perform specific testing.

Life History and Characteristics: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that is usually found in the nasal passages and on the skin of 15 to 40% of healthy humans, but can also survive in a wide variety of locations in the body. This bacterium is spread from person to person or to fomite by direct contact. Colonies of S. aureus appear in pairs, chains, or clusters. S. aureus is not an organism that is contained to one region of the world and is a universal health concern, specifically in the food handling industries.