Staphylococcus Aureus Pathology

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a spherical bacteria which is known to produce a cytotoxin called Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PLV) which destroys leukocytes, and kills tissue (Lina et al., 1999). Five percent of strains of Staphylococcus are known to produce the disease-causing toxin (Lina et al., 1999), but though the amount of PLV-producing strains is somewhat small, the strains which produce PLV are apparently resistant to vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat staph infections (CDC, 2002). The first recorded case of S. aureus resistance to vancomycin was a reduction in sensitivity to the antibiotic observed in Japan, and has since spread to the United States (CDC, 2002). The most common source of infection of these drug-resistant bacteria are actually in hospitals, wherein the patients are exposed to the bacteria and subsequently infected (CDC, 2002).

Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains often occur in epidemic waves initiated by one or a few successful clones. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is prominently featured during these epidemics. Historically associated with hospitals and other healthcare settings, MRSA now has emerged as a widespread cause of community infections. The majority of Staphylococcus aureus strains are now resistant to penicillin and methicillin (MRSA). Golden staph is creating headlines across the world, the superbug is becoming unstoppable. According to government statistics “one in five cases were resistant to antibiotics” (Alexander, 2017). Scientist are trying to eradicate golden staph with antibiotics, however they are adapting rapidly. Scientists are yet to identify how exactly the bacteria keeps adapting. Antibiotics attack infections by meddling with the bacterial ribosome, which is the part of the cell that makes proteins. If a cell cannot make protein, it dies. “The way the antibiotic works is it throws a spanner in the works. The drug comes in and jams up the machine so the cell can't make protein anymore. “Antibiotic-resistant bacteria find a way to apply oil and restart the machined Belousoff's team compared the cell structure of resistant and non-resistant strains of golden staph under an electron microscope to learn that the latter infections had developed a mutation several

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is one of the most recent superbugs to become a health problem. MRSA is a species of Staphylococcus Aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and antibiotics like it. Doctors are struggling to find proper treatment because of its resistance to the beta-lactam ring, the core of most antibiotics. The most lethal strain is the CC398 strain, most commonly found on livestock. There are approximately 80,000 invasive MRSA infections and 11,000 deaths every year. (CNN.com)

Staphylococcus aureus is a specific type of bacteria which is a member of the Staphylococcaceae family (Medical News, 2016). The bacteria is found in clusters (staphylo-) which look like grapes and as a result is called Staphylococcus. Staph is Gram positive (which is a method for identifying bacteria) and is non-moving (Medical News, 2016). It can infect all mammalian species and because it can infect such a broad range of mammals it is easily transmitted from one species to another species. Of special concern is methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which does not respond to antibiotics.

In our world we are surrounded by microorganisms, some are harmless, many are beneficial; they are a part of our normal flora on our skin and in our intestines, providing a barrier against microorganisms that may not be so harmless. It is important, however, to distinguish which microorganisms are potentially pathogenic from those that are not, and when someone does get ill to determine what the organism is so appropriate treatment can be determined.

This paper explores the study of an unknown bacterial culture. The bacterium were randomly assigned in a double blinded fashion to alleviate scientific or experimental error in determining their gram stain, morphology, arrangement, and scientific classification. There were eight unknown bacterial cultures given, with the unknown bacterial culture being one of the eight bacterial cultures. A myriad of tests and experiments were performed on the unknown bacteria in order to be able to properly classify it. One of the first experiments that was performed was the gram stain. It was determined to be gram positive. The arrangement of the unknown bacteria was also noted on the gram positive slide. The slide showed grape like

The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. aureus (MRAS and MSSA) isolates to various antibiotics are presented in Table 1. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid and minocycline with resistance rates of 1.1%,

Aureus has taken even our most effective medications and rendered them useless even among the Staphylococcus genus. Researchers have developed yet more drugs, Quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid, the actively fight against drug-resistant staphylococci. “Both agents are protein synthesis inhibitors with a Gram-positive spectrum. Quinupristin-dalfopristin retains bactericidal antistaphylococcal activity if the strain is susceptible to erythromycin and lincosamide. Linezolid is bacteriostatic. Cross-resistance has not been noted for linezolid, but at least one clinical isolate has developed resistance during

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive cocci that forms grape like clusters, produces catalase, has a peptidoglycan and teichoic acid cell wall, and has a G + C content of DNA ranging from 30-40 mol%. An estimated 20% of the human population is long-term carriers of S. aureus, appearing in the nares of the nasal passages and also part of the natural skin flora which is the most common species of Staphylococcus to cause Staph infections. S. aureus is a successful pathogen due to a combination of nasal carriage and bacterial immuno-evasive strategies. S. aureus can cause minor skin infections, pimples, impetigo, boils or furuncles, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses. Life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis are also caused by pathenogenic S. aureus. Its extent ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, and endovascular to wound infections. Nosocomial infections and often postsurgical wound infections are a commonly caused by S. aureus. S. aureus is also a prominent cause of food poisoning in the US, and can be transmitted by different foods, including milk and

MRSA is short for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and can be potentially fatal due to the fact they are not responsive to main antibiotics. S. aureus is a bacterium and not a virus and the most pathogenic of the staphylococci. This infection is one of the first found to be resistant to strong antibiotics. Bacteria are unicellular microorganism, while a virus is a sub-microscopic particle that infects the cells of an organism causing serious skin infectious boils. This superbug is major health concern for the public. This paper will shed some light on the major symptoms MRSA presents, how it spreads, how to prevent it from spreading, and treatments.

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of human bacterial infections worldwide1, and following the discovery and widespread utilization of antibiotics, S. aureus has evolved to become resistant to a number of antimicrobial treatments. Most notably, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have acquired the mecA gene, encoding the penicillin binding protein (PBP2a), which confers resistance to oxacillin and all β-lactam antibiotics 2. These characteristics, combined with other virulence factors, have made MRSA infections difficult to treat, and lead to MRSA being recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality 3. MRSA is also the leading cause of nosocomial infections4–6, contributing significantly to increased healthcare costs 7. CDC estimated in 2008 that MRSA was responsible for 89,785 cases of disease, causing 15,249 deaths in the US8.

Staph or staph infection is caused by the bacteria staphylococcus aureus. It is very common and there are around three million cases of this in the United States each year. This is a gram positive bacteria which means that it has a thick cell wall and the stain used to see it is purple. It can be found on the surface of the skin or in the mucous membranes of humans and some animals. They reproduce asexually. This bacterium is transferable through skin to wound contact.

Staphylococcus Aureus is a bacteria formed in a group. It is more commonly referred to as staph infections, ( pronounced staff ). Staph infections can be mild to severe in nature, and if left untreated can be fatal. They can be treated with different medications depending on the type of infection. Topical, oral, or intravenous medications can be used. There are many different types of staph infections to include, MRSA (methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus), pneumonia and cellulitis. This paper will target how staph infections effect adult subjects.

Janice was seen in the Infectious Diseases Clinic on December 4, 2013. As you recall, she was being treated for a very complicated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection which was multifocal in nature. She had several skin lesions including a carbuncle on the right lower leg, a septic right knee and a large subpectoral and subdeltoid collection on the left. Despite a history of penicillin allergy she was given a staged challenge with cloxacillin and tolerated this well. She has been on antimicrobial therapy since her initial presentation to hospital in early October. This constitutes approximately 9 weeks of IV antibiotic treatment as of today's visit.

Life History and Characteristics: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that is usually found in the nasal passages and on the skin of 15 to 40% of healthy humans, but can also survive in a wide variety of locations in the body. This bacterium is spread from person to person or to fomite by direct contact. Colonies of S. aureus appear in pairs, chains, or clusters. S. aureus is not an organism that is contained to one region of the world and is a universal health concern, specifically in the food handling industries.