Staphylococcus Aureus. Toxic Shock Syndrome

How is Toxic Shock caused? Well its is caused by many ways. The first way could be cause is by a bacterial infection. The other way it could be caused would be your body might produce a little much of Staphylococcus Aureus bacterium. Another way could be the use of Tampons for women. The Tampon can scratch the vagina creating an opening for bacteria to get into your bloodstream. The last thing could be women who are menstruating or just had a baby.

Shock is a life-threatening condition with a variety of underlying causes. Shock is caused when the cells have a lack of adequate blood supply and are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In cases of shock, blood is shunted from peripheral areas of the body to the vital organs. Hemorrhage and decreased blood volume are associated with some, but not all, types of shock.

aureus is due to several factors. It is coagulase positive which forms accesses and prevents phagocytosis. It produces several exotoxins that create different responses in the body such as exfoliative toxin which causes scalded skin syndrome and enterotoxin which causes Staphylococcal food poisoning. Exotoxins produced by S. aureus are also responsible for Toxic Shock Syndrome, which is associated with tampon use and wound packing. In general, S. aureus is resistant to penicillin and some strains are resistant to methicillin (MRSA). According to the Minnesota Department of Health, most skin infections caused by S. aureus are self-limiting and do not require antibiotic treatment, but in cases where immunity is suppressed or skin is broken due to surgery or injury, infections may require antibiotic treatment or abscess drainage to prevent more serious infection

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a strain of staph bacteria which has developed resistance to the antibiotics designed to treat common staph infections (Winterstein, 2009, p.189). Originally viewed as a hospital pathogen, MRSA has now begun to appear in the community. Hence, the infection is now distinguished by its origin, defined as hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). The close proximity of athletes, who often share soap, towels, and other items commonly used in the dressing room, as well as the vigorous physical contact involved in sporting activity (both practice and competition), have led to MRSA becoming a concern in athletics. MRSA is a concern because it can lead to severe infection and even morbidity (Indeed, athletes have become a target population for MRSA. A recent study of 377 varsity college athletes at Vanderbilt University confirms that those involved in contact sports were more than twice as likely to carry MRSA (Jiminez-Truque, 2014). It is believed that the higher prevalence of MRSA in contact sports is a result of the increased skin-to-skin contact which can lead to abrasions and cuts, which permit the superbug to enter the body and colonize it (Jiminez-Truque, 2014). Treatment of MRSA involves draining of abscesses, combined with administration of powerful antibiotics, usually intravenously (Winterstein, 2009, p.187). Since MRSA is resistant to the antibiotics developed to treat it

A total of 88 S. aureus were isolated from different samples including surfaces (n=34, 38.9%), personnel (23, 26.6%), air (20, 23%) and patients (11, 11.9%).

Toxic Shock Syndrome is a staph/strep bacterial infection. TSS . It is caused by the use super absorbent tampons, abortions, recent miscarriage.

Staphylococcus Aureus is derived from the greek word kokkos which means “bunch of grapes.” This is very a very appropriate name for this bacterium because under a microscope it looks exactly like a bunch of grapes. This bacteria was first discovered in Scotland by Sir Alexander Ogston. It was simply discovered when Ogston was viewing pus from a wound, and noticed a new bacterium. He named that bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus. In the 1940’s staph infections caused by this bacterium were kept in line by using antibiotics such as penicillin, but when these antibiotics were misused a natural sort of evolution started. This helped the bacterium to develop a resistance to the antibiotics, making them nearly useless. The bacterium continued to resist different antibiotics, and as of 2002 it was discovered that the bacterium continues to change. So you never really know what will cure diseases caused by the bacterium.

Staphylococcus aureus embraces many characteristics which are derived by a variety of test to identify if someone has this certain bacteria. This specific species is recognized by the anaerobic fermentation, beta hemolytic halo, coagulase positive testing, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test resistance, clumps of gram positive cocci that is identified through the microscope, and the a positive catalase test (Kiser 67-87). First in the series of test was the mannitol salt agar MSA plates, which contains a high concentration of salt (Kiser 73). Staphylococcus aureus tolerates salt and its results give off fermentation of acidic PH (Kiser 74). Next, was to evaluate the blood hemolysis and DNA digestion test. Aureus means “gold” and these two test are useful for further

Skin infections vary and consist of boils, impetigo, cellulitis, and Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. In regard to food poisoning, you may notice nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration or low blood pressure. Bacteremia is when the staphylococcus enters your blood, this can affect your internal organs, bones, muscles, and any artificial technology that aids in the function of your body. Toxic shock syndrome can cause fever, nausea, vomiting, a rash on the palms of your hands and the bottom of your feet, confusion, muscle aches, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Septic arthritis can cause swelling of joints, pain in joints, and fever. If symptoms such as pus-filled blisters, fever, or painful irritated skin you should consult your doctor immediately. If staph bacteria ends up occupying your blood, an infection that affects your whole body may emerge. This is called sepsis, which can cause septic shock, extremely low blood pressure this can cause respiratory failure, heart failure, stroke, failure of other organs, and

Toxic shock syndrome is a rare, life-threatening complication that is the outcome of certain types of bacterial infections. It is caused by the release of poisonous substances due to an overgrowth of the bacteria Streptococcus aureus, or strep, which is found in the bodies of most women. Toxic shock syndrome has historically been associated primarily with the use of superabsorbent tampons. However, due to this fact most manufacturers have pulled certain types of tampons off the market; which has caused the incidence of toxic shock syndrome in menstruating women to decline. Toxic shock syndrome can also affect men, children, and postmenopausal women. Risk factors for toxic shock syndrome include skin wounds and may even lead to surgery. If there is someone at risk for toxic shock syndrome they must look out for the symptoms so they can get immediate medical care.

Toxic shock syndrome is a serious, possibly life-threatening, complication that occurs as a result of an infection, usually caused by staph or strep bacteria. It is a very rare condition, with only 337 cases appearing in the United States in 2015. Historically, it has often associated with the use of tampons, although its occurrence among menstruating women has dropped since certain tampons have been removed from the market.

Throughout history we have seen the evolution of bacteria, we have seen them develop resistance against Penicillin, Methicillin and Vancomycin antibiotics .This bacteria has a unique ability to mutate to the new antibiotics. Alexander Ogston was a Scottish surgeon that discovered Staphylococcus can produce toxins and is the main cause of pus infection in the 1880’s. Later on they found out that aside from producing toxins Staphylococcus(Staph) also affects the skin and organs. Methicillin was first introduced in 1940, and in 1961 Staph had already developed resistance against it. This particular bacteria affects the skin and our organs. There are many questions unanswered but my question is “ To what extent has methicillin caused staphylococcus bacteria to evolve over time and how does it affect our skin and organs?” . This bacteria is considered a threat because it is able to mutate at a faster pace than other bacterias. When they named Staph they took into consideration the fact that it can live in skin surfaces without causing any harm and that under a microscope this bacteria lookes like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. The word staph comes from the greek word “staphyle” meaning a bunch of grapes and “kokkos” means berries.

TSS is most commonly found in women who use tampons and have high levels of menstrual blood absorption, which stimulates the secretion of S. aureus toxins and when the toxins are absorbed into the body effect to patients with high fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, shock, kidney failure and ultimately death but menstrual cups are collect blood not absorb blood, therefore it not stimulates the secretion of S. aureus

Life History and Characteristics: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that is usually found in the nasal passages and on the skin of 15 to 40% of healthy humans, but can also survive in a wide variety of locations in the body. This bacterium is spread from person to person or to fomite by direct contact. Colonies of S. aureus appear in pairs, chains, or clusters. S. aureus is not an organism that is contained to one region of the world and is a universal health concern, specifically in the food handling industries.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive coccus shaped bacterium which is also a facultative anaerobe. S. aureus belongs to the phylum Firmicutes, though S. aureus does not produce endospores. Staphylococcus aureus adheres to the epidermis by utilizing a system similar to viral attachment (Tortora,2016).