Staphylococcus aureus Essay example

Humans are a natural reservoir for S. aureus, and asymptomatic colonization is far more common than infection. Young children tend to have higher colonization rates, probably because of their frequent contact with respiratory secretions.

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, it can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infection, pneumonia or bone infections. Though it can cause infections it is part of the normal human flora it is mostly found on the skin or in nasal cavities. It is a facultative anaerobic gram positive cocci, it is usually in pairs or clusters. The bacterium is also catalase positive, oxidase

Toxic Shock Syndrome, also known simply as TSS, is a life threatening illness caused by a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus. TSS was first discovered in children in 1978 (Venkataraman, 2015). After the 1978 discovery, the disease itself was nationally recognized in 1980 when it was seen as a health threat amongst reproductive women. After this epidemic the number of reports of TSS decreased sharply (Hajjeh, 2010). Staphylococcus aureus can be identified as bacteria that, often times will go unnoticed as it usually does not cause any harm. Around 30% of the world?s population carries this bacterium in their noses.

MRSA is a skin infection that can potentially lead to death if not properly treated. Symptoms include rash, headaches, body aches, chills, fever, extreme fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pains. The rash may appear as pimples or boils and can be quite painful. There are two types of MRSA. HA-MRSA is an infection that was contracted in a hospital or healthcare setting and CA-MRSA is an infection contracted by a healthy individual in the community. Often times, those who contract CA-MRSA have a fragile immune system, play sports that require contact to contact, live with health care professional, or live in contaminated environments. Student athletes are most at risk. They can catch infections from gyms and locker rooms that weren 't properly cleaned. If there is any suspicion of having the infection, one should go to their doctor to determine if it is a MRSA infection. The longer one waits the harder it will be to treat it.

The bacteria produce a toxin known as cytolethal distending toxin. This toxin is believed to be the cause of disease in humans, but it isn't fully understood. It is also suspected to be a causative agent in Guillain-Barre syndrome, a disease that causes neuron demyelination, but again its role is not specifically understood.

Staphylococcus aureus is a cluster bacterium that can be found on the skin of around 25% of healthy adults. This bacterium is growing everyday all over the world and many people have no idea they are even carriers. “Staphylococcus aureus is present in the nose of adults (temporarily in 60% and permanently in 20 to 30%) and sometimes on the skin” (Levison). This bacterium has the ability to cause skin infection and sometimes may lead to severe life threatening diseases. There are several different strains of staphylococcus and depending on the severity of the infection is how a health care provider decides the treatment most efficient. Impetigo is more common in children, but adults still have the chance of getting this skin condition. Toxic Shock Syndrome is also associated with S. aureus and is found in at least 50% of the cases to date. S. aureus can display a variety of symptoms and all vary with the disease at hand. Symptoms can range from a boil on the skin or in the nose to skin rashes. More severe symptoms can be carbuncles and infection of the blood (sepsis).Staphylococcus aureus is an ugly bacterium; that can lead to several diseases, such as Toxic Shock Syndrome and Impetigo. S. aureus has multiple symptoms and is treated with a variety of antibiotics.

Unfortunately, staph infections can at times be very serious or even fatal. Sometimes staph enters the blood (bacteremia) which can be of great concern. Staph can occur in tandem with pneumonia when people are on ventilators or as part of endocarditis (which is an infection of heart valves) and can result in stroke or heart failure. Even worse, drug resistant staph (MRSA) causes 94,000

aureus. There are many strains that contains various virulence factors. Two important virulence factors that were detailed in research performed by Fitzgerald et al. [6] and Mehrotra et al. [7] were Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C (SEC). Both toxins have been detected in the DNA of some S. aureus strains. Should these strains be transmitted to infants they are most definitely a possible cause of death if actively encoded by the bacteria. These toxins are known to be quick and activate immune response to such a high degree that the patient succumbs to the infection. Various hospital studies have been performed to study transmission by objects, such as that by Grundmannn et al. [8]. These are significant to this study since infants often put items in their mouth that are not always clean and safe for them to contact. The study by Grundmannn et al. [8] also indicated that hospital beds were contaminated with S. aureus which is significant to beds within households that infants may lay in. Introducing rabbit models to contaminated objects such as water bottle tips and bedding will elucidate the transmission routes these items can provide to infants. In SIDS cases, breast fed infants, observed by Highet et al. [9], tested higher for S. aureus than healthy infants did and slightly higher than non-breastfed SIDS cases. In In Aim 1 of this research we plan to elucidate the transmission

The most common pathogenic strains that cause wound infection is Staphylococcus aureus (35%), Escherichia coli (15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%) and other bacteria (37%) (Amit Kumar Gupta et al., 2015). In another study, Staphylococcus aureus has been reported as the major cause of wound infection with (24.2%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.4 %), Escherichia coli (14.8 %) and another different organism (39.6 %) (Jyoti Sangwan et al., 2016). Staphylococcus aureus (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is gram positive bacteria and can be a lethally opportunistic pathogen or human commensal, it is one of the leading organisms causing a variety of hospital-acquired infection and community acquired infection (Brown et al., 2014). S. aureus has

The bacteria is not pathogenic on its own, however produces protein-toxins indirectly, disrupting the host. The bacteria mainly affects the respiratory system of the nose, causes dermal infections. This is one of the most common infections found in hospitals, which is spread by healthcare workers acting as carriers for Staphylococci aureus. Staphylococci aureus has a thick cell wall, making it hard for a body’s immune system to destroy it, and has become commonly resistant to antibiotics, leaving a need to newer generations as it evolves

Oxford University wrote a journal on how Staphylococcus aureus lacking a cell wall-bound protein A found in isolate from bacteremia, MRSA infection, and a healthy nasal carrier lead to truncation and secretion of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that has multiple virulence factors allowing it to cause infections that can be superficial lesions to life threatening conditions. SpA contributes to S. aureus pathogen by interfering with the immune system response and the activation of inflammation. Despite S. aureus’s virulence factors it is also commensal. S. aureus is found in the anterior nares of 20-30 percent of the healthy human population. The object of this experiments was to investigate seven

This allows blister formation and sloughing of the top layer of skin. The gene for PVL was found in the minority of both groups. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly S epidermidis, produce an exopolysaccharide (slime) that promotes foreign-body adherence and resistance to phagocytosis. In a study of 42 S lugdunensis isolates, most isolates were able to form at least a weak biofilm, but the amount of biofilm formed by isolates was heterogeneous with poor correlation between clinical severity of disease and degree of biofilm formation. ica expression is modulated by various environmental conditions, appears to be controlled by SigB and can be turned on and off by insertion sequence (IS) elements. aureus sepsis died from complications of the condition. It is necessary to treat scalded skin syndrome with intravenous antibiotics and to protect the skin from allowing dehydration to occur if large areas peel off. PVL is associated with necrotic skin and lung infections and has been shown to be a major virulence factor for pneumonia and osteomyelitis. Proteins have been identified that are also involved in biofilm formation, such as the accumulation-associated protein (AAP), the clumping factor A (ClfA), the staphylococcal surface protein (SSP1) and the biofilm-associated protein (Bap).

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen, able of infecting most of the tissue in the human body (1). These diseases include deep abscesses, endocarditis, and necrotizing pneumonia (3). This pathogen often appears by autoinfection with populations carried on the skin and its ability to infect and constantly evolve makes it both a dangerous and formidable pathogen. The mechanisms whereby bacteria achieve persistence have been a constant field of study. In the case of S. aureus, there are mutant strains linked to chronic, recurrent, and antibiotic-resistant infections which are referred as small colony variants (SCVs) (3). In 1995, it was reported for the first time a linkage between S. aureus SCVs and persistent infection. (4)

MRSA is a derived word from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus which means a group of staph bacteria that resistant to methicillin and some other several types of antibiotic. MRSA often causes skin disease because the bacteria regularly found on skin of people and animals which also found in the nose as normal flora. But, person who have cuts or wound have higher risk to get infection compared to healthy people with no skin cuts. Common reason to infection is due to direct body contact with infected wound or sharing personal item that surely touched the infected skin. MRSA infection is often symptomatic. It appear as bump that could be swollen, painful, full of pus or other drainage and also might be accompanied by fever. There are

aureus coagulases are the virulence factors responsible for the pathogenesis of the bacteria. Their pathogenic roles require staphylococci to be close to the resulting coagulation product. Double coa-vwb mutant mice had significantly decreased abscesses and lethal sepsis as compared to controls. S. aureus coagulases assist abscess formation, which is the classic sign of a S. aureus infection. Abscesses formed from S. aureus infection are surrounded by prothrombin, fibrin, and fibrinogen. They contain the coagulases Coa and vWbp. More specifically, these coagulases prevent phagocytes from clearing S. aureus during an infection. While there is neutrophil recruitment during an infection, not many of these recruited immune cells can phagocytose the bacteria. This leads to the hypothesis that coagulation of staphylococci allows these bacteria to escape phagocytic activity. Additionally, it is also possible that clots formed by S. aureus serve to allow the bacteria access to vital nutrients within the host. Furthermore, they may exist in order to systematically place virulence factors near their own communities and to spread to other parts of the