Staphylocus Epidermidis

“Ajax Spray ‘n’ Wipe” specifically states that it kills E. coli. This is because of the lactic acid in the spray, which is used as a natural antibacterial agent.” ("Colgate-Palmolive | Product Ingredients"). Lactic acid kills unwanted bacteria especially in food which is where E. coli is often found and transmitted, of which meat is the most common cause. Vinegar was chosen as a substance because “it can be used as a bleach alternative” (“Disinfectants: A Guide to Killing Germs the Right Way”) and bleach kills E. coli. It is also used as an everyday cleaning product. The last substance chosen was salty water because it is thought that salt kills bacteria. Much of the world’s population has access to salt and if the experiment proves that salt kills E. coli it would be a helpful factor for further treatment of the

When reflecting back to experiment 3, Aseptic Technique and Culturing Microbes, I realized the large amount of microorganisms that can be found in everyday life. Many different types are found with in the human body. Theses experiments focused on two types of bacteria. First was Staphylococcus epidermidis, found on the skin, and second was Lactobacillus acidophilus, found in the gastrointestinal tract. Both have similar needs for growth when it comes to temperature, however, different growth environments are used.

Biological agents, coming in a variety of forms, have unique abilities amongst themselves and all categories of environmental health agents. Bacteria holds the ability to

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, the 10th leading cause of death in the United States and the second leading cause of death in non-cardiac intensive care units [1]. Each year between 400,000 and 500,000 cases of sepsis occur in the United States and the cost of caring for a septic patient is high, resulting in a national economic burden of almost 17 billion dollars per year [1-2]. Sepsis is a serious health concern and a better understanding of the causes and potential interventions is necessary. Since 1987, gram-positive bacteria have been the major causative agents of sepsis [1]. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are two of these causative agents and together cause the majority of nosocomial sepsis infections in United States hospitals [3]. Forty percent of the S. aureus strains, that cause an estimated 292,000 hospitalizations in the United States each year, are resistant to the first line option of antimicrobial therapy, methicillin/nafcillin (β-lactamase resistant penicillins), making them extremely difficult to treat [4].

Recently, Stapylococcus aureus joint infection pathogenesis has become a major burden for patients and healthcare providers. A unique biofilm formation process allows bacteria to resist standard treatments used for infections. Specifically, a serious medical issue confronted by orthopedic surgeons is the prevalence of staph infections associated with joint reconstructions and replacements. According to the National Hospital Discharge Survey compiled in 2010, there are more than 7 million individuals just in the United States

Triclosan is hydrophobic, which means it does not dissolve well in water. However, triclosan does go through fatty substances like membranes of bacterial cells. Triclosan interferes with its target cell’s regulating gene. In this case, the triclosan would interfere with the bacteria cell’s regulating gene that carries out processes. Once in the microbe bacterial cells, triclosan poisons a specific enzyme that is used in making the microbe cell membranes. Even one molecule of triclosan permanently impedes the microbial enzyme. Triclosan is a strong antibiotic, even at low concentrations.

Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen capable of causing a number of infections in various tissues of the body including the nostrils, skin and throat. This bacterial pathogen colonizes approximately 25-30% of healthy adult population as well as many people in hospitals. It produces an array of virulence factors that enable the bacteria to overcome the host’s immune system defenses and cause infection. Two major classes of these virulence factors include superantigens (SAgs) and superantigen-like (SSL) exoproteins. Superantigens are toxins that cause activation of large number of host T-cells which impairs their adaptive immune response. SAgs are capable of binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen presenting

S. aureus is a Gram-positive coccus where the round cells arranged in irregular grape-like (Greek staphyle) clusters.1 They can both have aerobic and anaerobic respiration and most strains ferment mannitol anaerobically. It is distinguished from other staphylococcal species on the basis of golden (Latin aureum) or white colonies on blood agar and positive results of coagulase, mannitol-fermentation and deoxyribonuclease tests.6 S. aureus is one of the major baterial that can be found on people’s skin and in their nose. Usually it does not cause any harm. But if staphylococcus gets into the body, it will causes skin, soft tissue and bone infections. The infections can be minor or serious that may even lead to death. However, there is one-fourth of healthy people who carry it asymptomatically.2 The main treatment of S. aureus infections are antibiotics and surgical drainage, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistance of S. aureus to penicillin, methicillin and other agents has compromised therapy.2

Staphylococcus epidermis is one of the commonly known species in the Staphylococcus genus. It can be found in the normal flora of human skin or on the mucous membrane of warm-blooded mammals. It colonized mainly at the nostrils, armpits, head, and human epithelia. Staphylococcus epidermis is a salt-loving microbe. This species can live in a harsh condition, they can live in an environment that has 10 to 15 percent of salt (Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, page 488). A significant whole genome adapted biofilm is shown by Staphylococcus epidermis, which can cause biofilm to growth on a plastic device that is implanted into the body. Staphylococcus epidermis only can be treated with antibiotics vancomycin or rifampin, because it has developed resistance to a lot of common antibiotics.

Triclosan can have an effect on antibiotic susceptibility. This is due to the fact that triclosan is a biocide. It does not cause a mutation in the bacteria, but it does kill all the bacteria it is exposed to–– both normal and abnormal. This creates an environment where bacteria that are already Triclosan resistant are able to thrive and reproduce. Some bacteria have an innate resistance to Triclosan, due to a mutated membrane that resist perforation. Repeated exposure to Triclosan allows these bacteria to thrive and reproduce while others die off. This is due to greater resource availability from a lack of competition. However, as of now, studies agree that the overuse of triclosan cannot yet be linked to antibiotic resistance, as no lateral

But, it is now being strenuously tested by the FDA to see if the advantages of its outstanding cleaning power outweigh the harmful antibacterial ingredient Triclosan coming into contact with people. Antibacterial soap is in simply terms normal soap with one extra ingredient making it antibacterial, in most cases this ingredient is Triclosan but it can also be Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, or Chloroxylenol. These chemicals are especially efficient at exterminating bacterium but, they end up killing both beneficial and harmful bacterium alike making you cleaner as well as more vulnerable to other bacterium or pathogens you may come in contact

MRSA is a major source of infections in health-care centers (Panlilio et al., 1992) also in community (Drews et al., 2006) Staphylococcus have resistance to multiple number of drugs are being found throughout the world specially these isolates resistant to methicillin,lincosamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides or combinations(Deshpande et al., 2004). S.aureus is usually linked with post-surgical wound infections and infections related to catheter. (Eggimann and Pittet, 2002). S.aureus also cause syndrome named toxic shock(TSS) which is an svere disease affect multiple systems and produces symptoms like desquamation of skin, high fever, dysfunctioning of multiple systems and hypotension (Dinges et al., 2000).850 isolates of

We tested the effectiveness of the antibiotics on the bacteria by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. For this method one places bacteria onto an agar in a petri dish in order for it to spread and grow across the dish. Once the bacteria has grown on the petri dish we place antibiotic disks for about 48 hours, and this will cause the bacteria to surround the disk and create an area called the Zone of inhibition. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) is the area in which the antibiotic disk has prevented the bacteria from growing any further. Next, we measure the diameter of the zone of inhibition in millimeters. The larger the zone of inhibition the more effective the antibiotic was against the bacteria. If there is no zone of inhibition present this can interpreted as a non-effective, and its zone of inhibition is equal to

Resistance patterns comprise both isolates with moderately increased MICs and isolates with very high MICs (Oprica et al. 2006). In this study, low level resistance to vancomycin due to a slightly increased MIC (2 µg/ml) was observed in type IB (90) isolate and also reduced susceptibility to tetracycline due to a slightly increased MIC (2 µg/ml) was observed in types IA1 (35), IA1 (56), and AC (7) test isolates. Literatures have reported the emergence of resistance of types (IA and IB) associated with moderate to severe acnes (Oprica et al. 2004, Nord and Oprica 2006). Resistance to tetracycline occurs due to a single G-C transition in the 16S rRNA of the small ribosomal subunit in P. acnes (Ross et al. 1998, Nonaka et al. 2005). Nakase et al. (2014) reported that tetracycline resistance can also arise as a result of mutation of drug binding sites, ribosomal protection or increased efflux pump activities Resistance of planktonic acne isolates to vancomycin has not been reported (Oprica and Nord 2005, Piggott et al. 2016). Tetracycline has been reported to penetrate bacterial cell wall by an energy dependent process. It then binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit thus preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor A-site in the RNA-ribosome complex (Kohanski et al. 2010) was bacteriostatic at all concentrations tested in the MBC assay.

In our daily lives we use a lot of cosmetics which include over 100s of chemicals. Onechemical that we will be able to find in all our antibacterial products is Triclosan. Triclosan is anantifungal and antibacterial agent found in numerous household items such as soaps,mouthwash, detergents, toys, and quite a few other things. (Triclosan, David Suzuki, 2014)Triclosan chemical structure includes: Carbon, Hydrogen, Chlorine, and Oxygen, making itsoluble with alkaline solutions and many organic solvents. (“Triclosan – PubChem” 2014) Triclosanis a widely use chemical in household and sanitary products, although this product has greatadvantages, it also has some really harmful and hazardous