State Centricity Is Vital On The Understanding Of Neo Realist Thought Essay

Dr James Hansen’s argumentative essay, “A Solution to the Climate Problem,” discusses his premise that it is imperative for humankind to deal with carbon dioxide emissions, which he believes needs to be phased out by the mid-21st century. He begins with the current paradigm in government efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and claims that so far it has been a lot of talk and action in the other direction. Dr Hansen argues that while governments pay lip service to agreements such as the Kyoto Accord, they are going full steam ahead with projects that will result in increased carbon dioxide emissions, such as going forth with coal-fired power plants, coal-to-liquids, hydraulic fracturing, and tar sands oil extraction. Dr Hansen believes

The 2009 Copenhagen Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC epitomizes the stalling of international negotiations on climate change mitigation and adaptation. In the grim days of climate change governance, the literature tends to neglect ethical arguments on the responsibility of polluting states. Rather, it turns to a desperate thing for ‘whatever works’. It addresses the development of a discipline round an emerging regime. It reviews in particular the principled approaches of climate governance, the shift from ‘enforcement’ to ‘facilitation’ and to ‘liability’, the adaptation in the human rights, development and migration regimes, and innovative scholarship on concerning climate change. Climate change responses have impact on a

While classical realists recognize that states exist in an anarchical “self-help” system where they must rely on power to protect and control their existence it is there that they suddenly divorce the state from its domestic civil society as well as any other international actors aside from other nation states proclaiming autonomy in their own political realms. This is in order to “recognize and pursue the interests of the nation [state] as a whole, and not those of particular powerful groups within the community…”. (Grieco, 1997) This comes as no surprise so long as we recall that states are and will always be obsessed with their own national security, their ability to be able to protect and at best advance themselves in whatever capability possible which means having the choice and independent

In order to even attempt to explain the interactions of states in the global interstate system we typically have to look towards two words, international relations. International relations also try’s to explain the interactions of others whose actions manifests from one country and then is steered towards people of another country. While each state is exploited as ‘sovereign’, specified international groups and organizations are needed as state and non-state actors. These actors include the United Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and Amnesty International. International Relations involve the study of foreign policy, negotiation, war, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, international conflict, trade, and economics. Each of those foreign affairs essentially makes up the relation between countries. A very important issue going on in international relations today is global warming and climate change. Unfortunately this matter receives very little attention. The reason it is so serious, is it could eventually destroy our world, as we know it today. Global warming is already having severe effects on communities, health, and climate. Our sea levels are rising; heat waves are more frequent, wild fires are growing, were experiencing severe droughts, and also increased storms.

In recent years , there is a colossal upsurge in the number of environmental concerns with climate change being a pivotal one. Although convergent efforts, be it an individual , company or a government, are made to ease this concern. I think government play a vital role in this regard.

The main claim of Pamela Chaseks’s presentation was that through government and industry climate change can be stopped. Chasek discusses several instances when governments united regarding climate change as well as how these governments have impacted climate change, if at all. For example,a successful negotiation was Lima 2014, the United States and China agreed to reduce emissions; however, at the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009 developed countries made an agreement that left developing countries out of the loop. This caused smaller states weary of states who hold more power. This displays that government cooperation and communication is needed to successfully execute the issue of climate change. Without concise agreements and negotiations

The neoliberal state values the role of heteronormativity, the presence of intersex, transgender and transvestite individuals threaten the established norms and gender binary by creating ambiguity in gender expression despite legal and social recognition both nationally and on a human rights basis. The devastation of AIDS formed a new political alliance between the lesbian and gay communities to support the development of queer counter-discourse of flexibility and ambivalence within the queer culture (Johnson, 1996) while increasing the prevalence of homosexual and indeterminate sexual groups, the Australian government has increased legislation to consider and formally recognise these developments, such as the Australian Privacy Principle 13, which includes provisions that "Sex reassignment surgery and/or

‘Is climate change the new apocalypse? Are Western Nations too influenced by capitalism to effectively deal with the problem?’

Naturally the capitalistic world that we live in breeds competition, in turn leading to powerful private interests. This has resulted in powerful industrial partnerships with political figures. In order to bring our society forward we must act for change, to encourage modernization, overcoming the stacked odds. The only way to influence our country’s dependency on carbon-based energy is to make way for environmental advocates at all levels of policy. The Paris Climate Change efforts have us headed in the right direction, even though they hold no legal international clout. Individual countries are held responsible through the social pressures created by groups like the UNFCC, along with renewable industrial interests, has led to country social responsibility. Country social responsibility has been promoted by voluntary climate efforts, which resulted in ambitious goal allowing countries to claim leadership on a global issue. Our efforts would ideally result in net-zero emissions in developed and developing countries alike by 2050. The technology is available, but modernization has a social aspect as well. This is essential to promote environmental policy, in order to pressure industrial powers. We can only be successful if we change our current social patterns into virtuous environmental forms.

The climate change impacts of greenhouse gases threaten the economic development and environmental quality. These threats indicate that all nations regardless their economic growth should work collaboratively to reduce the emission to a certain level. Hare et al. (2011) argued that “climate change is a collective action problem” thus requires a global coordination from all countries. This indicates that actions from several countries would never be sufficient to address the climate change problem. If a global target to limit warming to 2°C or below is about to achieve (UNFCCC 2010, p.4) a broad range of participation is required (Hare et al., 2011). However, the increasing complexity of negotiation processes is inevitable. Each country will pursue its own interests during the

Realism, a classic international relations theory that delves into that fact that people’s interests come before their countries values. Many realists would say that countries act out the way they do out of lust for power and fear as best explained in Mingst, “Realism reflects a view of the individual as primarily fearful and power seeking.” (Mingst, 77) In relation to global warming realism would argue that some countries ignore global warming because of their self-interests. A realist would want to run their economy in the most cost effective way. If the cost for going green is high why would a country running on the principles of a dictatorship want to support global warming and go forth with changing or eliminating a major portion of wealth for itself. Realism also goes to explain how countries do what out of fear of losing territory and power. As well Realism says that “The strong do what they can

Culture and its interaction with different geographical spaces unite different types of research together in how culture can influence the research. To return to Research Tutorial 2, ‘Climate Change and the Geographies of Objectivity: the case of the IPCC’s Burning Embers Diagram’ (Mahony, 2011) investigates the history of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's (IPCC) ‘burning embers’ diagram, and the future of it in the cultural circuits of climate science, policy and advocacy. Mahony (2011) argues that climate change is as much as a social and political process as much as it is a scientific process, through cultural and human processes occurring in different places around the world. It is because of this, that the science of climate change appears differently from different places. Climate change occurs spatially across the globe, however with space itself being passive. ‘Geographical work at the boundaries: Human actions alter the functioning of the climate system’ Hulme (2007), also from Research Tutorial 2 gives thought to what climate change and the risks mean to different people and to diverse cultures. Geographers recognise that human-environment relations are strongly influenced by the ideas and attitudes that different societies hold about the environment (National Research Council, 1997). In being situated in a particular place, the importance of climate change and the politics and decision-making around it are perceived in different ways. Through

In their introduction to the chapter "Why International Organisations Matter," which was contributed to Business and the Politics of Globalisation: After the Global Financial Crisis, authors Xu Yi-chong and Patrick Weller begin the rhetorical defense of international organisations (IOs) by providing a review of recent global crises, and describing the various roles that global groups like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) played in addressing these most complex of dilemmas. The work performed by both the IMF and the World Bank in mitigating the disastrous effects of the global financial crisis is presented as a prime example of the efficacy of international organisations, as is the authoritative Report issued by the IPCC in response to mounting evidence in support of climate change as a demonstrable scientific phenomenon. As Yi-chong and Weller state unequivocally, "globalisation could not have taken place without the desire of states to pursue cooperation; neither could it have happened without IOs acting as effective facilitators of that cooperation" (2010), because communication on the international scale often requires an objective third-party for purposes of negotiation, mediation, and conflict resolution.

On December 12 of 2015, 195 countries made history by committing to the first truly global international climate change agreement (Paris Agreement, 2015). This agreement took place in Paris and was adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The outcome of the Paris Conference on Climate Change was described as “revolutionary” (Venezuela) “marvelous act” (China) and as “a tremendous collective achievement” (European Union) that introduced a “new era of global climate governance” (Egypt) while “restoring the global community’s faith of accomplishing things multilaterally” (USA) (Paris Agreement, 2015).

The international debate on climate change was once confined to the informal debates and considered as a low politics issue for decades. An international norm concerning climate change has been effective because of the security threats posed by climate change. All states in the contemporary world, including great powers, are compelled to justify their behaviour according to accepted norms. The benefit of the norm as a trend is that almost full observance is said to lead states into a pattern of obedience and predictable behaviour.