State-Trait Anxiety Analysis

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for a variety of disorder diagnoses. Although pharmacological treatments are the most widely used method of treatment in anxiety disorders in America, research has found that even though patients respond sufficiently to medication treatment initially some are unable

“Anxiety is the signal of danger which mobilizes the human organism’s resources at all levels of functioning in the interests of conservation, defense, and self- preservation.” (Anxiety 1) If a person suffers from anxiety there is a major loss of control and then an attempt to regain that control because of a fear that they have. Anxiety disorders are one of the most frequently occurring mental disorders in the United States. However, anxiety disorders are not only found in the United States. They are found throughout the world. They just happen to be most predominating in the United States. In this paper, I will be discussing the generalized anxiety disorder and how if effects society today.

A couple of researchers at the Anxiety Disorders Research Center in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) examined weaknesses of CBT (Craske et al., 2014). Although CBT has been known for the most effective treatment for social phobia, not all patients show improvements after the treatment. Patients easily drop out during, or at the early stage of the treatment. Even patients who successfully finished the entire session tend to have a hard time continuing to use methods they learned and to maintain low level of anxiety, so the likelihood of reoccurrence exists. Therefore, alternative ways to solve these weaknesses are needed in order to develop the treatment itself and to provide the most matchable treatment method for each patient, according to the article by Craske et al. (2014).

Social anxiety is a prevalent and common disorder amongst society. Social anxiety disorder is expressed as a fear in public and social situations for an individual (Kashdan, Farmer, Adams, Mcknight, Ferssizidis, Nezelf 2013). A person with social anxiety fears that a social appearance, outcome, or situation will lead a to negative response to their surrounding audience (Kashdan, Farmer, Adams, Mcknight, Ferssizidis, Nezelf 2013). However there are numerous treatments for social anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most efficacious treatments that a patient may receive (Hambrick, Weeks, Harb, & Heimberg, 2003. Cognitive behavioral therapy has numerous techniques that can be used on patients. The result of using cognitive

Science with all its marvels and wonders continues to press forward making extraordinary breakthroughs. Psychology plays a key role in many of sciences steps forward, each branch of psychology focusing on a specific techniques and theories. In the document the center of attention is surrounding the application of clinical psychology, this branch of psychology is unique as it all realms of an individual’s issue. Specifically speaking, anxiety is the psychological disorder that is under review through the processes of a clinical

First some background, I am a Marine Corps Veteran. I got out because of medical reasons. I have also been diagnosed with PTSD. I have never been in combat, but I experienced an event in combat training while I was sleeping. This event is considered hazing and it was done to me by my own unit. Since this event, I have always had trouble with sleeping, staying asleep, and nightmares.

Analyses of the behavioral and the ERP data pointed to some inconsistent findings. The behavioral data shows significant adaptation in both conditions but stronger adaptation in the single trials than the double trials. This might be attributed to the position of the adaptor and target (both appearing in the center of the screen), to using a single valence for each trial and to the exceedingly apparent identity congruence that resulted in an overlap effect. The less robustness of the effect in the double adaptation condition may be attributed to the peculiar fear-neutral adaptors having two different types of valences and which were shown at the same time. The presence of these seemingly unusual trials could have compromised the overall effect

Smith, Segal, and Segal (2014) note that CBT is the most widely-used therapy for anxiety disorders. The authors are also quick to note that anxiety disorders are and should be treated specifically, and that treatments should be individualized (Smith et al., 2014). This means that specific gendered concerns could be part of the individualization of a therapy. Smith and colleagues (2014) outline the process of treating anxiety with CBT as follows: negative thought challenging, exposure therapy, and complementary therapies like exercise, relaxation, biofeedback, and hypnosis. Regular exercise was also cited by DeMoor, Beem, Stubbe, Boomsma, and De Geus (2006) to decrease anxiety as it is associated with lower neuroticism, anxiety and depression, and higher extraversion and sensation seeking. Additionally, in combining cognition with behavioural activation, mind

There is anxiety that is only situational, state anxiety, and anxiety that is general, trait anxiety. Researchers in this study wanted to know if state and trait anxiety could calculate a correlation coefficient with the emotional stroop. They also wanted to identify whether trait or state anxiety would have a stronger association with performance on the emotional stroop. Researchers hypothesized that both state and trait anxiety would be able to be calculated with a strong, positive correlation coefficient and that state anxiety would have a stronger association with performance on the emotional stroop.

The Total 72 sample were collected using purposive sampling technique The result indicated that there was no significance difference in pretrait and prestate anxiety among the participate scores. In addition, the education level was no significant in three groups (P = 0.594). Therefore, the randomization method was adequate for random allocation of recruited individuals in three groups. The ANOVA was conducted to compare the posttrait and post state anxiety among three groups. The F-test showed that a significant difference among three groups regarding scores of posttrait and poststate anxiety (P< 0.05). Moreover, the changes of scores in trait and state anxiety were statistically significant (P< 0.05). The Tukey post hoc test was used to compare groups one by one, and the results showed that Benson's relaxation method was similar to systematic desensitization method in decreasing the trait and state anxiety score (P = 0.903). Therefore, both Benson's relaxation and systematic desensitization intervention methods were effective in decreasing of the anxiety score of

Several types of anxiety disorders are discussed in this film. General anxiety disorder is described as a constant feeling of worry and fear for at least six months. A person suffering from general anxiety may experience panic attacks, cold sweats, heavy breathing, and may withdraw from social interactions. It is regularly treated with medications and cognitive behavior therapy, which is a psychotherapy that focuses on helping patients understand the feelings they are experiencing and how those feelings may be contributing to their issue. Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is another anxiety disorder discussed in this film. People develop PTSD after experiencing an emotional shock or major trauma. Someone with PTSD may have issues sleeping and controlling their anger; they may experience feelings of detachment, numbness, and may have flashbacks of the traumatic experience causing their PTSD. Like general anxiety disorder, PTSD patients are often treated with medication and cognitive behavior therapy. Recently a new therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, has been used in PTSD patients. This therapy requires the patient to rapidly move their eyes while recalling the traumatic experience. The third type of anxiety disorder discussed in this film is obsessive compulsive disorder, or OCD. OCD is described

Shanahan and Hughes hypothesized that ingesting high amounts of caffeine would increase state anxiety and the effects of performance induced stress. Nineteen men and twenty-seven women were randomly assigned into one of four groups. Prior to ingesting the experiment, participants were assessed for state and trait anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Afterwards, two of the groups were administered highly caffeinated coffee, while the other two were given decaffeinated coffee. The participants were told to drink no caffeinated beverages or ingest any chocolate the morning of the study, as not to alter results. Next, one of the groups in each condition was assigned to complete a high stress activity. The high stress groups had twenty-five minutes to complete a difficult reasoning test, which normally takes thirty-five minutes to complete. To further heighten stress, the participants were told that the test could be easily completed in the allotted time and that another group member would check their answers afterwards. One of the groups in each condition was also assignment to a low stress activity, which was a personality test. These groups were told that there were no wrong answers and that their responses would be anonymous. After completing their respective activities, participants were once again tested for their state anxiety (Shanahan & Hughes, 1986).

The BAI is a 21 item self-report inventory used to assess anxiety levels among adults. The purpose of this inventory is discriminate anxiety from depression in individuals. The BAI can be used to assess and establish a baseline anxiety level, as a diagnostic aid, to detect the effectiveness of treatment as it progresses, and as a post-treatment outcome measure. This test is recommended for use in assessing anxiety in clinical and research settings. No further purposes for the BAI were reported by the author or

The items of the BAI were drawn from three earlier self-report instruments that measured various aspects of anxiety. The BAI was developed with adult psychiatric outpatients and the manual recommends using caution with other clinical populations.

We are recommending this test as it is perfectly suited to the requirements of the organisation, measuring multiple factors associated with Arthritis as requested. The Literature identified these links between Rheumatoid Arthritis and pain, depression and anxiety. AIMS 2 (SF) focusses on all these individual traits that the previously discussed tests look at and incorporates them into one making it ideal to assess all aspects of a service users life. AIMS 2 (SF) quantifies participant responses into numerical form. Literature suggests that a mixture of numerical and descriptive data is better however, not in these circumstances as the organisation have already indicated they have received lots of anecdotal evidence and are now looking for the overall effect of their service. Consequently, they will find numerical data more beneficial as once collected it can be easily analysed giving an indication as to the organisations