Statistical Weather Prediction And Regional Climate Modelling For Downscale Coarse Resolution Global / Regional Simulations

From the CER maps (Figure 9), it can be observed that in 2013 ISMR the entire region had witnessed high CER values while other years were partially cover by cloud drops of different radii. The high rainfall intensity during 2013 ISMR could be the manifestation of the high CER values observed during that year compared to the other years (Figure 12). However, the low CER values in the other years can be seen in conjugation with high aerosol loading during that period. Similar trend is also observed in LWP plots for the study area during 2012-15 ISMR (Fig 13). It is evident from the figure 9 that LWP varies from low to high values over the region while, it is more homogeneous in 2014 and 2015 ISMR. The OLR was considerably

“Climate of Complete Certainty”, is an article written by Bret Stephens in which he attempts to convince his readers that science should not be treated with certitude. Stephens begins his article with an epigraph, a quote from the poet Czeslaw Milosz, in which Milosz states that those who declare that they are 100 percent right are not to be trusted. Stephens writes the article during a time when the United States is focused on only one thing: the 2017 presidential election. He begins to illustrate the distrust by providing evidence which criticizes Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign manager, who had absolute confidence in the arithmetic behind Clinton’s poll position. The manager failed to listen to those around him, and Stephens emphasizes

St. Louis falls into the mellow midlatitude atmosphere gathering, and this is a district loaded with air mass complexities (Hess, 2011). These differentiations cause a mixture of unsettling influences in the air leaving St. Louis with an assortment of climate (Hess, 2011). The summers have a tendency to have more precipitation with the coastal stream and incessant convection (Hess, 2011). However winter can encounter rain and periodic snow due to midlatitude typhoons (Hess, 2011).

Climate change data was collected from the IPPC AR4 General Circulation Model (GCM). The GCM is regionally dependent and shows the different mixes of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. (Sheffield & Wood, 2007, p.81) The simple mutlicalar drought index (SPEI) is used to show the climatic water balance. Monthly or weekly difference physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and precipitation and is calculated at different times. (Vicente-Serrano, Beguería, & López-Moreno, 2009, p. 1699) Streamflow data was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrological Climate Date Network (HCDN). (Regonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, & Pitlick, 2004, p.374) Snowfall data is gathered from surveys that were performed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and precipitation data was gathered from the National Weather Service Cooperative Network. (Regonda, Rajagopalan, Clark, & Pitlick, 2004, p.375)

In Adrienne Rich’s “Storm Warnings,” the progressive structure details the storm’s advancement, the imagery illustrates the surrounding environment, and the calm diction presents the speaker’s state of mind, depicting an actual storm as it nears and the metaphorical turmoil the speaker is experiencing. People hear storm warnings, however, as the storm unfolds, one can merely brace themselves since the storm is inevitable and light hope within them.

Microplastic is used in so many types of beauty products all over the world. Lots of Microplastic gets washed down the sink and into the ocean. People don't think of this because of the mental thought 'out of sight out of mind'. But Microplastic is causing many problems to many oceans and great lakes. This will affect the aquatic food chain from the tiniest plankton to us humans.

The impacts of climate change on drought attributes continue to be debated in the scientific community, even as multiple regions, globally and in the United States, experience severe droughts. Drought is a recurrent problem in many parts of the Conterminous United States (CONUS). Heat waves and droughts alone caused damage of around $210.1 billion dollars during 1980-2011 in the United States and ranked second highest after tropical cyclones in terms of financial losses (Smith and Katz, 2013). Droughts are difficult to characterize because of complex interdependence among various drought attributes, such as severity (magnitude), duration, spatial coverage, frequency and persistence. In a design context, assumption of complete independence or

Chapter 13 of the textbook Meteorology Today, covers Weather Forecasting. This chapter topic is one of intrigue and could also provide a source of clarity since it is directly related to the 30-Day Forecast Accuracy Weather Analysis assignment due in week seven.

Wind belts and circulation to regional weather and climate are the same because they both are dealing with wind blowing. They all are the same because they all deal with cold fronts and warm fronts. They all deal with weather changing in the climate to hot to cold fronts. They all are dealing with mixing weather like cold fronts and warm fronts mixing

What is the best weather model? Is it the GFS? Is it the EURO? Is it Naomi Campbell? No, the best weather model can be the "look out the window" model. Observing nature can be an incredibly useful of forecasting the weather. The following weather sayings are not always accurate, but they are accurate enough to be useful.

Hydrological Modeling is the way toward simulating the hydrological cycle in nature utilizing a few characterized parameters. Information like the precipitation and temperatures are considered as basic information for the mode and the model then gauges the surface runoff and evapotranspiration . SWAT known as ( Soil And Water Assessment Tool) is a physically-based model. It requires broad information like soil properties, land use , geography alongside the climate information

No storm is experienced the same. Seeing a storm on the horizon has the power to stir up gripping memories, introspective thoughts, and convoluted emotions. The poem “Storm Warnings”, by Adrienne Rich, applies a predictable structure paired with flowing syntax, and ambiguous diction- speaking both of weather and emotions- to illustrate that one cannot avoid the tribulations of life, embodied as the approaching storm, but instead prepare for their arrival.

This study was designed to assess the impacts of climate change on wind energy resources of the United Kingdom as simulated by a regional climate model. It was a continuation of the previous work by Tobin et al. (2016) in which they investigated impacts of climate change on wind power generation at the European scale. Here, a more detailed impacts assessment for the UK was conducted which was specific to two most relevant scenarios of climate change and covered the twenty-first century. Several studies which were focused on wind power assessment used an ensemble of RCM projections (for example Tobin et al., 2016; Nolan et al., 2012; Tobin et al., 2014; Pryor et al., 2005). A different approach was followed here, which was intended to segregate an RCM projection, based on its performance to simulate past wind climate and variability. An available set of high-resolution EURO-CORDEX simulation data was analysed for the purpose.

Impact studies may be more critical at local scales, resulting in growing requirements of local impacts of climate change on hydrological and ecological systems by stakeholders in communities (Bennett, Werner, & Schnorbus, 2012; Chen, Brissette, Poulin, & Leconte, 2011). However, direct application of AOGCMs’ output has been impeded mainly by a coarse grid resolution. Therefore, downscaling techniques nested by AOGCMs or reanalysis data over a specific region have been developed to produce a higher resolution at regional scales. There are two main categories in downscaling techniques; Dynamical and statistical downscaling models (Ekström, Grose, & Whetton, 2015). This section addresses regional climate downscaling models that regionalize AOGCMs’ outputs with regard to dynamical and statistical downscaling methods.

In early years ocean surface currents were observed by simply noting how their vessels drift, and based on these ship-drift reports maps were prepared. According Niiler (2001) on 21 December 1872, the history of instrumental observations of ocean currents has begun when HMS Challenger, an ocean expedition, left Portsmouth, England, to navigate the globe in three and a half years. Since then, the oceanographers around the World have been improving instruments and instrumental techniques. However, the most significant breakthrough in the field was in 1980s when scientists began planning the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) where they recognized that large arrays of satellite-tracked drifters could be used to observe the entire global ocean near-surface circulation [Niiler, 2001].