Statistics and Compute Mean Sum

These cycles are based on the approximately twenty-four-hour tau of humans and external factors, called zeitgebers. The sleep cycle affects multiple parts of a person’s day, including school or work, naps, eating, or driving. Research has found that there is an endogenous clock but that animals are also affected by external cues through free-running experiments. An experiment was done concerning circadian rhythms and their connection through metabolism. The researchers looked at multiple factors affecting sleep as a homeostatic process along with a circadian process (Albrecht 27). These factors included neurotransmitters, protein kinases, and metabolism, along with others. The way the body affects our behavior is apparent when looking at the habit that is

A person who is known as a night owl has a circadian phase sleep disorder known as Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome/Disorder (DSPS), this is when the person falls asleep “2-6 hours later relative to desired and socially conventional rise times”. This condition leads to societal and health disadvantages, resulting from inadequate amount of hours spent sleeping. With chronic inadequate sleep, DSPS can lead to weight gain, depression, anxiety disorders, diabetes, heart disease; however given the right environment a person can live with DSPS without ill effects. (3)

The processes engaging in cognition including attention (consciousness, selective and steady attention) may be determined through analysis of active brain section, circadian rhythms and the effects of sleeplessness (Valdez et al, 2008). Developmental changes in the sleep processes, cirdcadian cycle, and inequality of circadian cycles in sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, lead to important consequences for cognitive performance. Generally, if awaking is happened at proper biological times, biological clock’s activity is useful for human’s cognition (attention). But when awakening is happened at improper biological time because of environmental circumstances (jet lag, early school start, long working time, working schedules) or because of disorders in circadian rhythms, then disharmony between circadian and physiological cycles of sleep lead to cognitive disorder (Wright, Lowry, & LeBourgeois, 2012).

Circadian rhythm is most known for the effect on sleep and wake, but it also affects eating, hormone secretion, urination, and much more (Kalat, 2013). Circadian rhythms are endogenous, which means they are generated from within the body. When broken down into its latin roots “circum” and “dies”, circadian means about a day. This name was coined as animal circadian rhythms last about a day, or around 24 hours (Kalat, 2013). Though rhythms are around 24 hours, each individual differs in their exact rhythm. This can be seen in the difference between “morning people”, who are alert and awake early in the day, and “night owls”, who awaken at a slower pace and reach their peak alertness later in the day (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac,

(Joseph et al. 2008) states that he circadian clock is composed of a 24-hour cycle called a primary

First one is biological clock and the circadian rhythm. During the 24 hours in a day, the individual cyclical activity in their daily lives; when sleep, when to eat, when to work, when the row is almost always a certain order, and such order is almost by the individual physical operation of the decision. Such decisions as individual physiological role of cyclic life activities, called the biological clock.

The unanswerable question “Why do we sleep?” has had scientist vigorously studying the human brain and the components beneficial to sleep. With many studies, such as sleep deprivation among different species, as well as sleep patterns among different species. Concluding this research there was no pattern amongst the different species,

The whole-body energy expenditure was monitored using an indirect calorimeter throughout the habitual day and night. The effects of baseline, sleep deprivation and recovery sleep on energy expenditure was measured over a period of three days by adjusting the number of hours slept and kept awake. Variables such as diet and sleeping habit were controlled prior to the experiments to obtain the most accurate results possible. The results of this experiment showed that energy expenditure increased during the sleep deprivation stage compared to the baseline and the opposite occurred for recovery sleep, supporting the hypothesis that sleep does reduce energy expenditure conserving energy and sleep deprivation increases metabolic

Sleep is one of the main components to have a fresh start in the morning. Everyone needs their good sleep so they can stay focused, interactive, and productive while at work or school. In this study, we wanted to see if sleep patterns influence the subject’s social interactions. Many college students and adults working need to have a decent amount of sleep for the next day to be productive. By giving 2 groups 2 different sleep schedules and then testing them in a social setting, we can see if there is an effect of sleep on social functions. The control group would be placed in a normal sleep setting and be strictly held to 8 hours of sleep. The experimental group would be woken up every hour for 8 hours. We would then put the subjects into a work shop with scientists, and they graded them to see how productive and tolerable they were.

Psychologists understand that consistent, satisfying sleep is dependent on a disciplined circadian rhythm; however, psychologists have yet to consider the effects of daily routines and social activities on sleep quality. Dr. Colleen E. Carney researches the relationship between the synchrony of social and physical rhythms with a proper circadian rhythm. Daily routines include wake and bed times, exercise, going to school or work, and recreational activities (Carney, C. E., Edinger, J. D., Meyer, B., Lindman, L., & Istre, T.). The time of day and degree of social engagements vary its effects on sleep. Having irregular daily routines hinders sleep quality, while the regularity daily routines improve sleep. Carney is the first to study this, as her experiment is designed to examine the relationship between a person’s sleep quality and the activity levels, the timing and the consistency of social rhythms, and the degree of social engagement involved in a daily routine (Carney, C. E., et al). She hypothesizes that self-proclaimed good sleepers would demonstrate more daily activities with earlier scheduling, regulated social rhythms, and participating in active social engagements (Carney, C. E., et al).

Psychologists understand that consistent satisfying sleep is “y” on a disciplined circadian rhythm; however, psychologists have yet to consider the effects of daily routines and social activities on sleep quality. Dr. Colleen E. Carney researches the relationship between the synchrony of social and physical rhythms with a proper circadian rhythm. Daily routines include wake and bed times, exercise, going to school or work, and recreational activities (Carney, C. E., Edinger, J. D., Meyer, B., Lindman, L., & Istre, T.). The time of day and degree of social engagements, vary its effects on sleep. Having irregular daily routines hinders sleep quality, while the regularity daily routines improve sleep. Carney is the first to study this as her experiment is designed to examine the relationship between a person’s sleep quality and the activity levels, the timing and the consistency of social rhythms, and the degree of social engagement involved in a daily routine (Carney, C. E., et al). She hypothesizes that self-proclaimed good sleepers would demonstrate more daily activities with earlier scheduling, regulated social rhythms, and participating in active social engagements (Carney, C. E., et al)

1. In general, a …………… is a number describing some aspect of a population. a. Sample. b. Parameter. c. Inference. d. Correction factor. 2. a. b. c. d. A sample quantity that serves to estimate an unknown parameter from a population is called: An equivalence. An estimator. An inference. An hypothesis test.

Harry W. Markowitz, the father of “Modern Portfolio theory”, developed the mean-variance analysis, which focuses on creating portfolios of assets that minimizes the variance of returns i.e. risk, given a level of desired return, or maximizes the returns given a level of risk tolerance. This theory aids the process of portfolio construction by providing a quantitative take on it. It integrates the field of quantitative analysis with portfolio management. Mean variance analysis has found wide applications both inside and outside financial economics. However it is based on certain assumptions which do not hold good in practice. Hence there have been certain revisions to it, so as to make it a more useful tool in portfolio management.

The sampling frame is a listing of items that make up the population Frames are data sources such as population lists, directories, or

1) WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO SUMMARISE DATA? EXPLAIN THE APPROACHES AVAILABLE TO SUMMARIZE THE DATA DISTRIBUTIONS?