Steam Distillation - Clove Oil

Steam distillation is an ideal method when using two compounds that are immiscible (i.e., water & oil or Benzene & water). Benzene being the organic solvent that is non-polar and water the inorganic solvent that is polar, creates a dilemma since the two can-not be mixed together. When vaporizing something the vapor pressure must equal the applied pressure. This results in liquid turning to gas. If two immiscible compounds have the same vapor pressure then they will have the same boiling point. Another example would be water & naphthalene, in which water depresses naphthalene’s boiling point. When water boils it creates steam. This steam can be used to pick up particles. One can use steam distillation to pick up immiscible compounds. In our case, the solvent is water and the solutes are the cloves (potentially Eugenol oil). Eugenol oil can be used as an anesthetic. To release the contents of the cloves we can boil them. We can implement the Gaffney principle

A small beaker was placed under the arm of the distillation head to catch the distillate. Foil was wrapped around the neck of the round-bottomed flask and a wet paper towel was wrapped around the arm of the distillation head to create a condenser. The flask was heated gently so that the distillate dropped at a rate of two drops per minute. The temperature was recorded as every drop was collected. The distillation began at around 55.0 ℃. The distillation was stopped after 29 drops were collected to prevent the solution from being distilled to dryness. See attached data. The known boiling point of 1-butanol is 117.5 ℃ (Lemonds). The known boiling point of 1-propanol is 97 ℃ (Thiyagarajan). The known boiling point of acetone is 56 ℃ (Forss). The known boiling point of 2-butanone is 79.6 ℃ (Jiang). For unknown #3 the boiling point of the first substance seemed to be around 56 ℃ and the boiling point of the second substance seemed to be around 111 ℃. Therefore unknown #3 seemed to be a mixture of acetone and 1-butanol.

With a 9-inch pipet was used to add water through the condenser to keep the flask no more than half way full. Clove oil was extracted from the distillate in 1 mL increments every 5 to 10 minutes. The distillation and extraction process was approximately 37 minutes with 7 mL of distillate recovered. The product recovered was a light yellow liquid color with the same strong, sweet, cinnamon odor as the raw clove. 1 mL of dichloromethane solution was used to rinse the Hickman still and was then transferred to the centrifuge tube. Another 2 mL more of dichloromethane was added and shaken vigorously. Upon shaking the the mixture turned a cloudy white color with two layers resulting. The major component of clove oil was extracted with two more 3 mL portions of dichloromethane solution. The mixture was allowed to cool and left in the hood overnight to dry.

The purpose of this lab was to isolate the cove oil from ground cloves and determine the identity of the major constituent that is known to have the molecular formula C10H12O2 through IR spectrometry.

The purpose of this lab is to investigate the processes that can be used to separate two volatile liquids in a mixture based on their chemical properties. This is accomplished by fractional distillation, which separates chemicals in a mixture by differentiating them by their boiling points at atmospheric pressure. Specifically in this lab, fractional distillation is used to separate an unknown mixture into its respective pure components. The components are then identified using gas chromatography, which is also telling of the purity of the extracts and success of the procedure. The procedure of this experiment was specified in lecture by Dr. Fjetland and in Gibert and Martin’s student lab manual, Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach, 6th Edition.

The qualitative analysis was successful in that both the R and S enantiomers of the carvone oils displayed a distinctive, yet similar smell, thus displaying that some enantiomers will have distinguishable odors. Therefore, smell is a possible way to separate certain enantiomers as opposed to spending thousands of dollars on special gas chromatography equipment to determine the identity

First, a 100 mL graduated cylinder was obtained and filled with 35 mL of water. A pipet was used to attain a more accurate amount of liquid. The water was then poured into a beaker, which was weighed on an analytical balance. Next, an Alka-Seltzer tablet was obtained and the weight measured using the same balance the weight of the beaker was measured on. When both masses were recorded, the tablet was dropped into the water. The liquid was swirled to allow for the tablet to dissolve completely. After the fizzing had stopped, the beaker was once again weighed and the mass was recorded. Each step was repeated seven more times for a total of eight trials. However, with each trial the liquids added to the beaker changed. In each new trial, an additional 5 mL of vinegar was added and 5 mL of water was taken away. Thus, beaker one had 0 mL of vinegar and 35 mL of water; beaker 2 had 5 mL of vinegar and 30 mL of water; beaker 3 had 10 mL of vinegar and 25 mL

3.) Combine the ground cloves with 50ml of water in the boiling flask then; steam distill the mixture to obtain the clove oil. Continue the distillation until a drop or two of the emerging distillate, collected on a watch glass, is odorless and water-clear; with no oily droplets. 150ml might need to be distilled before it becomes clear. Vent the steam line or raise the steam inlet tube above the liquid level in the boiling flask before you turn off the steam. Took about 20-30 minutes for emerging distillate to drop on watchglass and first few drops seemed clear. But we went ahead and placed a flask and started collected liquid because the process of distilling 150ml of fluid was taking quite some time. A sufficient amount of fluid was collected and checked by Professor.

Plant extracts known as essential oils have been utilized for centuries by many cultures for therapeutic and medicinal purposes. Essential oils are extracted primarily through steam distillation or mechanical presses. The oils are then used through skin absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The inhalation of essential oils is termed aromatherapy. Either a single essential oil or a combination of essential oils are inhaled through an inhaler, oils placed on an absorbent material, or in an essential oil diffuser. When inhaled, the olfactory system is triggered. The olfactory bulb sends messages to the limbic system which initiates a systemic physiologic response to the inhaled oil. When essential oils are inhaled, the respiratory system

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to learn about and use the Scientific Method. The discussion of physical properties such as density, color, texture, smell, and solubility will take place.

Treated glycerol and commercial glycerol were analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) to determine the functional group. The functional group is a group of atoms that replace the hydrogen in the organic compound. The structure of organic family compounds and their properties are defined by organic compounds. Table 4.3 shows the comparison data for the glycerol residue, recovered glycerol and commercial glycerol.

The comments regarded aromatherapy being implemented into healthcare. One regarded the potential for other patient sensitivity to essential oils. Another individual stated in the comments that this would work in the OR setting. Another individual stated that it would be worth trying in their department. Lastly, an individual stated that they are glad to see this therapeutic treatment making its way into mainstream medicine. Overall, we felt that the presentation went well, we felt prepared for additional questions. The staff’s positive attitudes towards essential oils allowed for engaging

The methodology involved using the plant’s flower bud by washing it in sterile water, dried, and crushed into a powder. Eventually it was converted into an ethanol and methanol extract and observed for any effects on MRSA strains (Yadav et al., 2011). The results showed that both extracts had inhibitory effects on various MRSA strains and could have the potential for use as an antibacterial agent for multidrug resistant strains (Yadav et al., 2011). In some ways the study suggests that cloves can play a role in treating bacterial infections, but it is possible that converting it into an ethanol or methanol extract might have improved its effectiveness on MRSA strains. Using clove capsules to cleanse the body of microorganisms may or may not be as effective since the concentration of cloves per dose is different from the effectiveness of an ethanol or methanol extract used as an antibacterial

The truth is, essential oils may get a bad reputation in some cases; however, they really can change the lives of people tremendously, more than society thinks. Essential oils are one of nature's best kept secrets. These products are non-toxic to the body and are said to help the mind, as well as moods and emotions of people in many different ways. On this topic, there is always big discussion on whether or not they actually work and truly benefit people in any way. Some people “believe” in these unique eco-friendly oils, while others do not. So the real question is, do essential oils live up to their full potential as they are described? Do they really benefit people? Indeed they do, and it turns out they improve

Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde or 3-phenyl-2-propenal is the major constituent of cinnamon oil, extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum, C. burmanii, C. cassia), under the family Lauraceae, a group of evergreen trees. Cinnamon bark (particularly C. verum) yields 0.4-0.8% oil, which contains 60-80% cinnamaldehyde, 4-5% sesquiterpenoids (α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, limonene and others), eugenol, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol acetate, cinnamyl alcohol, methyl eugenol, benzaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, cuminaldehyde, monoterpenes (linalool, pinene,