Steel Making Methods
| Advantages | Disadvantages | Basic Oxygen Furnaces | * Very high production rates and low residual element * Does not burn fuel | * Good efficiency requires large amount of pig iron to continue production. * Requires costly filtering process due to high levels of pollutants produced. * High refurbishing costs. * High dependence on blast furnace/coking. | Electric Arc Furnaces | * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap not necessary. * Easy temperature control. * Precise alloying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and desulfurization actions. | * Excessive electricity required. * Requires a steady supply of scrap
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Case Hardening Methods
Case hardening crucial for steel components that are subjected to severe or continuous impacts, high temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard, wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that allows for high stress situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the components exterior without affecting its more ductile interior. For gears, case hardening is required to prevent pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under cyclic stresses. This method is preferred to through hardening, which is the uniform hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively less ductile and although strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core.
There are several different case hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods determine which physical properties, (such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case depth and wear resistance) the component gets. This can be done by altering temperatures, heat source, time period, and quench media.
Carburising
This is a diffusion-based process used on low-carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to thermochemical phases. The component is packed in a carbon-rich environment at high
In other words, the material is not subjected directly to heat treatment (annealing) but it is subjected to forging at first. After forging, the forged brass alloy is fully annealed. Then the fully annealed brass alloy is subjected to mechanical processing, and then processed brass alloy is subjected to soft annealing so that the forged product will have a stable structure.
Welding must be done carefully to avoid contamination and machining must be done precisely. Titanium is very reactive to atmospheric gases and can result in degradation in the material. Titanium is weldable in annealing conditions but provide limited weld ductility and heat affected zone ductility. It can also be significantly strengthened by cold working.
Overall, the 1018 and 1045 steel specimens displayed similar relationships between the heat-treating procedures. The 1045 steel had a greater tensile strength in all states except for the quenched state. In general, the 1018 steel specimens were more ductile than the 1045 steel specimens in all states.
Steel fabrication is the process of creating structures by bending, cutting, shaping, and otherwise assembling pieces of steel. If you have ever noticed the steel frame of a building as it is being constructed, you have witnessed the product of steel fabrication. Steel fabrication experts are experienced and knowledgeable in the steel fabrication process, as well as what may occur if there are errors in the steel fabrication process. Steel fabrication experts are valuable in a variety of cases, such as premises liability cases, workers compensation claims, and, of course, construction litigation.
Bessemer Process- Cool air is blown on hot iron to burn off impurities and produce more durable steel and cheaper
The above graph depicts the average Rockwell C Hardness achieved by each sample. This average disregards missing data or data that was noted as questionable. The graphed averages demonstrate the general trends of the different types of steels that were subjected to a heat treatment and quench media. Samples 1, 3, and 4 show a similar hardness after water quenching but differing characteristics during the other quenching types.
Die forging is similar, but uses a thicker piece of metal that is heated in a furnace to the point of pliability and stamped with a heavy tool die. This process was geared towards heavier badges with 3D designs. The reverse image is unique and will typically appear flaw or slightly hollow. Die casting is when molten metal is inserted into a closed die. After cooling, it is removed and finished by hand. Die cast medals usually contain a hook or hinge that connects to a
manufacturing process, the iron from the blast furnace is converted to steel in a basic oxygen
This experiment demonstrated some key differences in material properties of several heat treatments for 4140 steel. Annealing creates a soft and ductile material that is easy to machine and perform other operations on. Quenching creates a very hard and brittle material that has extremely high yield and tensile strengths. Tempering quenched steel softens the steel and provides a tradeoff between the hard and strong quenched steel and the soft annealed steel. Engineers are benefited by an understanding of heat treatment because they are better able to predict how a material will perform when loaded if they know the heat treatment state of that material. Thus the results of this experiment, and others like it available in literature, are very
The process of pouring molten metal into a mold is what they do to make swords at factories, but where made through forging the metal in to a blade. In this paper that you are about to read it will be talking about the real way that swords are made. Such as the many types, the process of it itself, and the materials they used
The solution process is operated at a temperature ranging from 1725 degree F to 1850 degree F clubbed with a sir cooling treatment. And the heat treatment process reacts to temperature of 1325 degree Fahrenheit for eight hours long while the temperature runs down to 1150 degree F accompanied by air cooling treatment. This two process unfolds its durability in terms of tensile and strength at the room temperature. An amalgamation of the notch rupture, ductility as well as rupture life impacts the processing of the alloy. Pay a bit attention to its hardness as well. Especially would see that this called the alloy which is hardened by the process of heating.In order to make the optimum use various solution and aging treatments are executed.
Smelting and roasting are classified as pyrometallurgy, which is, the use of heat for the treatment of an ore
Alongside Nucor’s low-cost strategy, it places emphasis on innovative steelmaking technologies to reduce environmental waste, increased efficiency and production innovation. However, Nucor has had some struggles financially over the past
This paper presents the mechanical properties of high strength structural steel and mild structural steel at elevated tempera- tures. Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures are important for fire resistant design of steel structures. However, current design standards for fire resistance of steel structures are mainly based on the investigation of hot-rolled carbon steel with normal strength, such as mild steel. The performance of high strength steel at elevated temperatures is unknown. Hence, an experimental program has been carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of both high strength steel and mild steel at elevated temperatures.
The company demonstrates their focused on capital expenditure programs, applying the company wide best practices, improving working capital, ensures sufficient raw materials, and encouraged safety and clean environment at their acquired