Stella Ting-Tommey's "Toward a Theory of Conflict and Culture"
Introduction
This research report is based on the article "Toward a Theory of Conflict and Culture" taken from the book Communication, Culture, and Organizational Processes. In this article, Stella Ting-Toomey talks about culture and conflict and its relation to low- and high-context cultures.
Summary
Ting-Toomey starts the article by addressing conflict. Conflict is part of human nature. It stems from many things. An example of a possible conflict could stem from differences in culture. She lists several other examples of possible conflict.
She breaks the article up into three sections to better understand the idea of conflict versus culture. The first
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Ting-Toomey starts to incorporate examples of high-context societies and low-context societies to her definitions of culture and conflict.
The second section of the article deals with conflicts in low- and high-context cultures. She defines a low-context culture as groups of cultures that value words, or what is actually said (Ting-Toomey 76). A high-context culture is defined as groups of cultures that put the needs and goals of the group first. This is more of a we-identity (Ting-Toomey 76). Examples of low-context cultures are Germany, United States, and Switzerland. Some high-context cultures are the Chinese, the Japanese, and the Vietnamese. There is more emphasis put on the relationship in a high-context cultre, whereas words are more important in a low-context culture. Ting-Toomey explains one of the conflict differences between the two. In a low-context culture, two people in a conflict can argue, yell, and curse at each other while still remaining friends (Ting-Toomey 77). To call someone out in a high-context culture is a severe insult. This causes both parties to "lose face" (Ting-Toomey 77). Another difference between the two cultures as noted by Ting-Toomey is the levels of uncertainty in a conversation. There are high levels of uncertainty in a low-context society, while there is low uncertainty in a high-context culture (Ting-Toomey 79). The high uncertainty level in the low-context cultures is often
Stating that “There is a lot of inequality and everyone has a place in society.” Subsequently, I followed with a question inquiring whether Honduras was more of a masculine or feminine society. Masculine societies tend to focus on competition, strength and dominance, contrarily, feminine societies have a tendency to concentrate on being caring and supportive. Medelyn described Honduras as a place where relationships tended to be more caring, traditional and supportive. My next question was about individualism and whether or not Honduras was more of an individualist or collectivist society. Individualist cultures, as stated in Chapter 3, “Value personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom, innovation and self expression.”, while collectivities cultures “value community, collaboration, shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment.” Medelyn described Honduras as “A place where being loyal to the community is valued and there is shared blame and responsibilities.”, which would mean Honduras is more of a collectivist society, given the description of community being valued rather than individuals, meaning that people care for the welfare of the society. Context was the subject of my next question, figuring out whether Honduras was a low or high context society was what I inquired from Medelyn. “A lot of communication is done by hand signals, body movements,
Conflict is an inevitable fact of life. Conflict is everywhere on a global scale as well as on a personal scale. Some may not be able to endure one day without conflict, while others may not even go five minutes without encountering conflict. Some conflicts are ongoing for years, never to be resolved, while some conflicts are short and resolved in a matter of minutes. Conflicts can be internal, meaning a struggle with one’s impulses or mind, or conflicts can be external, meaning a struggle with an outside force.
The case of Karen Leary illustrates the implications cultural conflict can have on business organizations and office culture. A common mistake managers make is undermining the power of cultural constraints at the organizational level. After six years as a financial consultant at Merrill Lynch, Karen Leary was promoted to general manager at the Elmville branch in Chicago. Leary wanted to achieve success at the branch office by building high-producing, successful group of professionals who work together to provide clients with complete service in meeting long-term financial goals.
Conflicts can be regarded as a strong disagreement between people, groups etc. Or as differences that prevent agreement. Conflicts are not just about power and resources but are rooted in the denial of human needs such as identity, security, respect and recognition. (Barbara A, 2007).
“conflict occurring between individuals or social groups that separated by cultural boundaries can be considered “cross-cultural conflict.” But individuals, even in the same society, are potentially members of many different groups, organized in different ways by different criteria” (Avruvh, 1998, p.6).
Encountering conflict is an inevitable facet of human existence, which by definition is the opposition of intangible entities. From conflict individuals and societies may be challenged and furthered in terms of social and moral values and beliefs, as each comes to encounter the underlying and intangible elements of conflict and through this, humanity.
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Conflict Starts in the Heart- Conflict is an unavoidable truth. God made each of us in his own particular picture, yet he additionally made us unique. Along these lines some of our perspectives and assessments will contrast from those of others. Conflict regularly happens in light of absence of appreciation for another 's need and perspectives.
Throughout history there have been a lot of conflicts between many different groups of people. A conflict is a disagreement between a group of people. There are a lot of causes that could lead up to a conflict between groups of people. The Reign of Terror and the Holocaust affects two different groups by killing many people.
An example of this conflict is between people and nature itself. As we know, the narrative takes place during the infamous Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl ruined thousands of families’ source of incomes, and in a sense ruined their lives. While other factors came into play as well, the Dust Bowl was foundation of a large majority of the issues that would arise later on in the book. In the beginning chapters, we get
Conflict is a part of everyone’s life. Whether it be man versus man or man versus society or anything else, everyone does encounter conflict. When encountering conflict there are many different ways to deal with it. To take care of it you could educate yourself to help you succeed, think about it, etc. Depending on the problem some ways wouldn’t work to get rid of it.
While conflict can be a healthy part of an organization, conflict managed poorly has significant impact on an organization. What further exacerbates this issue is when there is an imbalance of power. This paper examines the relationship of conflict and power. It will address how imbalance of power can impede one’s efforts in managing conflict in the workplace. It will also identify ideas on how to integrate ways to mediate conflict into the culture. Lastly, the paper will use a case study to illustrate these concepts.
Conflict is defined as the behaviour due to which people differ in their feelings, thought and/or actions. Collins (1995) states that the conflict is a ‘serious disagreement and argument about something important’ and also as ‘a serious difference between two or more beliefs, ideas or interests’ (cf. Kumaraswamy, 1997, p. 96). In general it is believed that conflicts are the underlying cause of disputes. In other words, dispute is a manifestation of the deep rooted conflict. A dispute is defined as ‘a class or kind of conflict, which manifests itself in distinct, justifiable issues. It involves disagreement over issues capable of resolution by negotiation, mediation or third party adjudication’
Conflict is in inevitable part of our everyday lives. Since no two people view things in the exact same manner, disagreement will most certainly arise at some point in time. Conflict is simply a difference of opinion and is considered to be a normal part of our everyday lives. There are several different forms of conflict and not all of them are considered to be bad. This paper will discuss the causes of conflict, the different types of conflict, and barriers to conflict. According to Communication Research Associates, conflict is a condition of imbalance within an individual (Communication Research Associates, 2005, p. 178). Keep in mind that just as there are disadvantages to conflict, there are also several advantages.
In low-context culture, the content of the speech should be clear and unambiguous message that the speaker is really up to the listener. Countries that use the spoken language English (Anglo-Saxon) such as Canada, United Kingdom, United States and Germany are examples of countries that have a low-context culture.