Stem Cells And Its Effects On Human Cells

Stem cells are unique cells because of their special features. First of all, they are able to regenerate themselves through the process of cell division. Each time this process happens, each new cell created can become another type of cell. Secondly, if they undertake some conditions, they can become tissue and organ cells. There are two main types of stem cells that are being looked today, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells (Also known as somatic stem cells). However, all stem cells have three main functions.

What is a stem cell? Stem cells are cells that can renew themselves and turn themselves into other cells. Stem cells are also known as somatic cells or master cells. There are two different kinds of stem cells: adult and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are taken from the embryo, which is an unborn baby. Stem cells are very helpful, because they can help treat many diseases. Stem cells can not only help treat diseases, but as recent studies have shown, they can actually reverse the effects on some diseases.

Stem cells have the ability to develop into many different cell types in the human body, and are used as an internal repair system. By dividing itself, the stem cell can create two more cells that have the potential to either stay as a stem cell or evolve into another specialized cell such as a red blood cell, a brain cell, or a muscle cell.

There are three types of stem cells that have been found. The first of which are embryonic stem cells, first discovered in 1988. (10) Human embryonic stems cells or ES cells are the most primitive type of stem cells and has the ability to generate into every type of cell in the body. (10) These stem cells are derived from early stage embryos called blastocysts that are around five to seven days old. (10) Embryos for stem cell research are donated with consent from patients who have completed IVF treatments and have surplus embryos. (10) These excess embryos would otherwise be discarded. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can divide into more stem cells or can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body. (11) Due to this versatility, embryonic stem cells can be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs.

Stem cells are cells that can, essentially, create new tissue. There are two categories of stem cells; embryonic, and non-embryonic. Embryonic Stem cells are found in embryos. Embryos are the clusters of cells during the early stages of pregnancy that form the fetuses. Once the fertilized egg divides, an embryo is formed. They are made up of these Stem Cells. The stem cells create the living tissue of the child. We all developed this way. Non-embryonic stem cells are cells that are found in adults, children, and infants. they generally create new types of the same cell depending upon where they are located. These cells are surrounded by, and repair nearby

Stem cells are cells which can be specialised to become any type of cell which is required in the body.

Reflect back to the year 1984, to the tragic day former professional boxer Muhammad Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. In a blink of an eye, Ali’s career slipped through his fingertips. Unfortunately, many tragedies such as Ali’s occur everyday whether it is due to an accident or disease. I can relate to this issue along with others who may know someone who suffers from a life long disease such as Parkinson’s, paralysis, or diabetes. For quite some time these diseases have been seen as incurable but embryotic stem cells may hold the cure. With that said, many researchers in the medical field have become quite involved in the study of stem cells. A stem cell is an immature cell that has the potential to become specialized into

Human embryonic stem cells offer the promise of a new regenerative medicine in which damaged adult cells can be replaced with new cells. Research is needed to determine

Stem cells are essentially undifferentiated cells; cells which are not yet adapted to a particular function, and have the capacity to differentiate into any specialised cell type within the organism. Every cell in plants and animals begins as these cells, created by mitosis and meiosis, and stem cells can continue to divide until they have become specialised and they lose this ability. After embryonic development, stem cells can be found all throughout tissues in the body, including the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver (Crosta, 2008). Whereas the stem cell is undifferentiated and has no specialised function, the specialised cells have the specific parts that allow them to carry out their function

Stem cells are unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under proper conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types. (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A. Urry, 2011.) The term “stem cells” were first seen in scientific literature in 1868, a German biologist Ernst Haeckel used this term to describe the fertilized egg that becomes an organism. On February 2, 1963 the firs piece of evidence of blood stem cells seem, Ernest McCulloch and James Till conducted experiments on the bone marrow of mine and observed that different blood cells come from a special class of cells. In 1981, pluripotent stem cells are obtained from embryos of mice and are the first embryonic stem cells ever to be isolated. In 1989, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies created mice which are missing specific genes. They created the mice using embryonic stem cells and homologous recombination. In 2007, they were recognized by the Nobel Assembly because their experiment proved to be an irreplaceable piece of evidence to understand how various human disease such as diabetes and cancer develop. On November 6, 1998 the first batch of embryonic stem cells that originated from early embryos. Then eleven years later, President Obama signed an executive order to repeal some restrictions on human embryonic stem cells research funds. On July 4, 2009, the National Institutes of Health had to create new guidelines on federal funding for stem research. (“History of

The idea of stem cells were introduced by histologist Alexander Maksimov in 1908. He hypothesized the presence of stem cells. Stem cells were finally discovered by Canadian scientists James E. Till and Ernest A. Mculloch. Stem cells are defined as cells that have not been given the genetic code and maintain the ability to divide throughout life and take place of specialized cells that get damaged, lost or die. In some organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditions (NIH.gov). The important stem cells are the embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. These two stem cells are important cells because each one plays a different role in research. Embryonic stem cells are cells that came from an egg that has been fertilized in

With any stem cell research involving human stem cells there are complex problems, “including approval to give materials for human stem cell research, early clinical trials of human stem cell therapies, and errors of human stem cell research”(ncbi,2009).

Stem cells are different to all other cells in the human body because they have unique abilities to divide repeatedly, make many copies of themselves or differentiate into specialised cells such as skin cells, immune cells or nerve cells. Stem cells are also described as unspecialised because they are not yet advanced to perform an exact function. However, each of them has the potential to develop into one of a number of different specialised cell types depending on the body’s needs at a particular time. Specialized cells are different in size, shape and function. Some of the cells such as white blood cell allows the body to fight off the infection, while the nerve cells carry the impulses. Each cells have a significant function and failure of one can cause the others to work inefficiently because these group of specialized cells form tissues such as muscle, skin, nerve cells. Then, group of tissues form organs such as heart, lungs, stomach. Organs come together to form system like respiratory system, digestive system and then the entire system forms a human body. As they are all in one way connected to each other, malfunction or failure in a group of cells makes the body worse and sick. (Multiple Sclerosis Trust, 2016)

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity and potential to develop into specialized-functioning cells. They are known as the “mother cells,” due to their ability to replenish tissue and regenerate organs. The two types of stem cells are embryonic and somatic (adult) cells. Embryonic stems cells (ESCs) have not been differentiated, whereas somatic adult cells (ASCs) have. In other words, embryonic stem cells can be coded to become any specific cell required by the body. Adult stem cells, however, are limited within the confines of certain functions. Because of this, embryonic stem cells are more useful to scientists due to their flexibility in use.

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 5. ADULT STEM CELLS 6. LOCATION OF ADULT STEM CELLS IN BODY 7. INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS • POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY 1. INTRODUCTION 2.