Stereotactic Biopsy Essay

When the brain’s cells divide and grow at a rapid rate and cannot be controlled or replaced after they die our brain often develops a growth or tumor. There are three categories that tumors fall into benign (not

Treatment and prognosis of cerebral gliomas vary depending on their grading. To date, histological evidence provided by biopsy is the gold standard for grading of gliomas. Development of diagnostic neuroimaging methods for non-invasive differentiation of high and low grade tumors is extremely desirable.

Primary brain tumors start in the brain tissue and they are classified by the type of tissue that they occur in. Gliomas are the most common type and they occur in glial tissue. Gliomas are further broken down into Astrocytomas, Oligodendrogliomas, and Ependymomas. Astrocytomas come from small cells in the shape of a star called astrocytes. These tumors can grow in any place on the spinal cord or in the brain. For adults, the most often form in the cerebrum and for children they form in the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. There are different grades to the tumors and they have different names depending on grade level. Oligodendrogliomas are produced in cells that have myelin. These tumors usually occur in the cerebrum. Additionally, they are slow to grow and do not spread. Ependymomas form in ventricles' lining and can also grow in the spinal cord. They commonly occur in childhood and adolescence but like all tumors can occur at any

Then, craniotomy is performed to open the skull, and the surgeon removes a bone piece out of the skull. Then the tumor is removed as much as possible. The bone is then restored back, and the incision on the scalp is closed. Sometimes surgery is not viable in case the tumor has developed in the brain stem or some other complex parts.

3/9/2106 patient underwent stereotactic brain biopsy on final report of biopsy INFILTRATING ASTROCYTIC NEOPLASM, GLIOBLASTOMA (WHO GRADE IV)

Brain tumors grow from abnormal cells which can be cancerous or noncancerous. Symptoms of brain tumors are headaches, muscular weakness like difficulty walking, whole body balance disorder, gastrointestinal (nausea or vomiting), sensory disorder like pins and needles, cognitive or mental confusion, speech (impaired voice), and very common blurred vision. There are various treatments for brain tumors. One includes chemotherapy which kills cells growing or multiplying too quickly. Surgery like craniotomy, this is brain surgery where a piece of bone is removed from the skull. And radiation therapy that uses X-rays to kill abnormal cells. Cancer cells can break off from the tumor into the bloodstream where they can go anywhere in the body. Noncancerous and cancerous brain tumors occur in about 12 in 100,000 people a year.

Our brain is divided into two halves or hemispheres. The left hemisphere specializes in language, words, understanding and reasoning while the right hemisphere is associated with spatial awareness and creativity. Split brain is a term used to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres is severed either partially or completely. Before the proceeding with the surgical procedure, the patient’s head is either partially or completely shaven in order to gain easier access to the scalp. Once they are under general anesthesia, the surgeon makes an incision, which allows for a craniotomy to be performed. A craniotomy is an operation that allows for the temporary removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. For a partial callostomy, the anterior two-thirds is sectioned, but the posterior one-third is sectioned as well for a complete callostomy. After sectioning, the dura is closed and a portion of the cranium is replaced.

A second cut was made through the back of one hemispheres in order to observe the cerebellum and brain stem.

Their analysis showed out of 240 cases 93.67% cases were non neoplastic 8.62% cases were neoplastic lesions and malignant lesions were

Craniopharyngiomas usually emerge in the infundibulo-hypophyseal axis of the sella and suprasellar region occupies the suprasellar cisterns, however may extend in any direction. The horizontal extension of the tumor may be anteriorly into the pre-chiasmatic cistern and sub-frontal space, may extend laterally into the sub-temporal space, or may extend posteriorly into the prepontine and interpeduncular cisterns, cerebellopontine angle and then to the foramen magnum. 7 However, rarely extensive tumors may extend anteriorly in the pre-chiasmatic cistern and posteriorly into the 3rd ventricle and down along the clivus. Approximately 4 % of the cases have posterior fossa extension. 2,6

The largest diameter of targeted lesion was measured with ultrasound, CT or MRI. We defined depth of the lesion as the amount of liver parenchyma, which was traversed to the targeted liver lesion. The lesion depth was measured with ultrasound before the procedure, for selected the proper length of the biopsy

A brain tumor is an abnormal development of tissue in the brain or central spine, which is accountable for appropriate brain functionality. Brain and spinal cord tumors are atypical growths of tissue found inside the skull or the bony spinal column, which are the chief constituents of the central nervous system (CNS). Benign tumors are noncancerous and malignant tumors are cancerous. The central nervous system (CNS) is accommodated within rigid, bony quarters (i.e., the skull and spinal column), so any uncharacteristic growth, whether benign or malignant, can place burden on sensitive tissues and damage function. Tumors that instigate in the brain or spinal cord are called primary tumors.

Medulloblastoma, also called cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), is a fast growing embryonal tumors[A] located in the cerebellum caused by a glial cell (1)(4). The seven types of medulloblastoma are, classic,desmoplastic, nodular,, large-cell,(anaplastic), neuroblastic, glial differentiation, medullomyoblastoma, and melanotic. According to American Brain Tumor Association, medulloblastoma is relatively rare, and only accounts for two percent of all primary brain tumors(1).However, medulloblastoma is common in children making up to twenty percent of childhood brain tumors(2), while it is less common in adults(1). It is also more common in men than in women(3). (Thesis)

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or GERD, also known as Acid Reflux, is a chronic disease that happens when stomach acid flows back into your esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. Gerd is a disease that deals with your stomach, esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The acid that is consumed from different contents like food and liquids can escape through the LES, which is the gateway of food and acid into the stomach. The main responsibility of the LES is to keep the acid and food in your stomach, however when your LES is weak, this can cause acid to flow upward back into your esophagus and cause GERD (PDR, 2016).

•Percutaneous biopsy—the most common type of liver biopsy—involves inserting a hollow needle through the abdomen into the liver. The abdomen is the area between the chest and hips.