Sterilization is a complex procedure and has raise debates throughout the world on whether is a

This organization this day has continued to fight for the rights of many disabled young women inside the queensland. This organization has made many contributions to fighting this unjust law and liberating many different disabled young women of being forced to not be able to bear their own child. This organization has been for the past twenty years the only source of help for any of the disabled women inside of australia. It is not only australia that has had such a heinous law even years ago this was a necessity inside of many countries within Europe and the Americas as well. Even going as far into the americas. This law was not outlawed in the us until the early 2000. Inside canada aswell this has been seen but those government has been able to power through and rise above such laws. The possibility that such a law can possibly still be passed and exist inside the U.S is extremely dumbfounding. This company was the source of intervention within the entire country. This is almost entirely the main reason that to this day the sterilizations have not come to continuously

Sterilization abuse is a practice in which the woman is either unaware she is being sterilized, or

According to Beauchamp and Childress, the principle of autonomy asserts that a capable and competent individual is free to determine, and to act in accordance with, a self-chosen plan (Beauchamp and Childress as cited in Keating and Smith, 2010). Determining a patient's competence is critical in striking a proper balance between respecting the autonomy of patients who are capable of making informed decisions and protecting those who are not fully capable (Appelbaum, 2007). Tagging children incompetent solely on the basis of their age and not involving them in decision making regarding their health is violation of children's human right. Obtaining consent from parents, rather than children, negates one of the most important principles of medical ethics, which is patient autonomy. Nurses are obligated to promote the health of children by embracing children's right. Nurses' duties which stem out of respect for autonomy include both duties to ensure children's self determination is respected and to refrain from practices that interfere with the children's right of decision making (CARNA,

Sterilization legislature was enacted on the state level with the goal of physically preventing the procreation of individuals deemed to be unfit, mainly handicapped persons or criminals. Though the nature of these laws did not outright target certain races or social classes, a disproportionate amount of the individuals sterilized were non-white or of immigrant background. Prominent eugenicists and eugenic organizations in the U.S. played a key role in lobbying for state sterilization laws. Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office, drafted the American Model Eugenical Sterilization Law in 1922, which served as a model for many sterilizations laws in the states (Berenbaum, 1998). By 1926, 23 states had passed sterilization laws that were voluntary and/or involuntary in nature (Sofair, 2000). Laughlin and other eugenicists called for the sterilization of institutionalized individuals under the assertion that their “genetically inferior” traits would be passed to their progeny and be an economic drain on the state. Many states complied, and by 1935 over 30 states had some form of sterilization law with over 21,000 compulsory sterilizations performed (Allen 1997). Though the eugenic nature of these laws was stressed by eugenicists, it was acknowledged that the political support of such laws were greatly financially motivated. Another important legislation passed by the U.S. was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, which was the first immigration quota

“In the United States, 15 states have laws that fail to protect women with disabilities from involuntary sterilization” (Against her will). Sterilization of disabled women in the United States should not be allowed. It denies disabled women the rights of having children. It is sexist to force women to get sterilized but men do not have to get sterilized. Women should have the right to have children, no matter if they have a disability or if something is wrong with her. The United States has used forced sterilization along with other countries in North and South America, along with places such as Asia and Africa.

In this assignment I will be discussing Adult Nursing and Mental Health Nursing and issues regarding consent. Consent is important within all fields of nursing as it is essential to conduct any medical procedures. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct (NMC,2008) states that all healthcare professionals must presume that all patients have the mental capacity to accept or deny medical treatments after being given all information which may be needed. However there may be some instances where consent cannot be obtained. An example of this is if the patient is in a medical emergency and may be unconscious or if the patient lacks the mental capacity to make a knowledgeable choice. In this situation treatment would be

Patient informed consent refers to the situation where the patient is fully informed on the consequences of their health care decision after which the patient gives the decision. For there to be informed consent, there are five elements that must be discussed. The first is the nature of the patient's decision then the applicable alternatives to the proposed intervention. Third are the risks, benefits and uncertainties associated with each of the alternatives. Fourth is the assessment of the patient's understanding and last is the acceptance of the intervention or an alternative by the patient. Before the patient's consent is considered to be valid, the patient's competency to make the decision must be addressed. The criteria for evaluating the patient's competency is clearly stated in section 3 of the 2005 Mental Capacity Act which states that provided the person is able to understand, retain and use information provided and to communicate their decision in any way such as talking or sign language, they are competent to make a decision. If a patient is treated against their refusal to consent, it amounts to the tort of battery or can also be considered the crime of assault. In addition to this, laws that touch on human rights reinforce the importance of the protection of the physical integrity of the individual in terms of their right to respect of their private life. Therefore, refusal of medical treatment is a human right.

When a woman gives birth in a country she is not a legal citizen in, is it ethical to provide paperwork in a language she cannot read or write in knowing that it will take away her basic right as a human to have more children? During the lawsuit, the California government also argued, “that forced sterilization was “necessary” to keep “welfare” expenditures to a minimum”. (Counter Current News). The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) was made aware of the coerced sterilization and acknowledged the human rights abuse by making an important step to ending it. FIGO recognized the forced and coerced sterilization among marginalized women and now has strong new guidelines on “Female Contraceptive Sterilization”. (Open Society Foundations). Two of the updated guidelines state “Consent to sterilization should not be requested when women are vulnerable, such as when requesting termination of pregnancy, going into labor, or in the aftermath of delivery” and include, “Information should be provided in language women understand, through translation if necessary, in plain, non-technical terms, and in an accessible format, including sign language or Braille”. (Open Society Foundations). These two guidelines can help ensure that vulnerable women should not be asked to sign paperwork. The other guideline that will help prevent coerced sterilizations is providing women paperwork in their native

In this essay I will be elucidating and explaining the legal and ethical issues relate to health and social care. Legal and ethical issues are usually involved individuals having to abide, practise of law. Though, in most cases there will be a consequence for not abiding by the law. Within the health care setting, professionals practice, there are many regulating, jurisprudence and criterion of practice. Performing an abortion is legal, may not be considered ethical by other health care professionals or member of employers.

In that situation a patient must be incapable of giving consent and no lawful surrogate is available to give the give the consent. Treatment can be initiated if there is danger of life or danger of a serious impairment of health. Immediate treatment can avert danger and save life. Treatment may be initiated in non-emergency situations if the patient is doubtfully competent and refuses treatment, the benefit of doubt goes to the patient unless the doctor seeks and obtain a court order. A health care provider should know that one individual does not have authority over another. A health care provider should look for the advanced directives such as a living will. A legal system like court order should be used to get a guardian who can give consent. In a nutshell the autonomy of individuals should have the protection of proper process and law in all health care settings. When there is any doubt a court may help. The court-appointed guardian will be the lawful surrogate who can consent to or refuse treatment in line with the best interests of the patient or the balanced choice

Under s.60 of the Assisted Human Reproduction Act, an individual “(a) is liable, on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding $500,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or to both; or (b) is liable, on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding $250,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding four years, or to both” for not complying with the guidelines set out regarding the duties of the reproduction of a child. A surrogate mother is defined as a woman who carries a fetus conceived through an assisted reproduction procedure which is derived from the genes of a donor or donors, and with the intent of surrendering such child at the time of birth (AHRA, 2004). However, there is still ambiguity felt between surrogates and parents related to what the law sets out as their legal duties in conceiving a child, and this is also pertinent in relation to the context of a working contract. Having said that, this essay aims at addressing the unclarity, pointing to the main arguments in favor of the Assisted Human Reproduction Act, and how the decision was aimed to safeguard the rights of those involved; including the child, and to prevent culpability issues within the health sector and many others linked to the overall process.

Health care ethics is being able to discern right from wrong but also understanding that the health care professional has an obligation to honor the patient’s wishes. In health care providers, may face occasions where they will have to perform procedures that they may deem unethical but must comply with since its a part of their job description. In regards to procreation-related topics such as sterilization for convenience while the patient has a right to this procedure if the hospital or physician determines that it goes against their ethical beliefs they can decline to participate. According to Pozgar & Santucci (2016), The state of Kansas hospitals and physicians have the right not to partake in sterilization for convenience and will not

There are many legal and ethical situations that healthcare providers will be faced with when providing medical treatment to either a child or an elderly adult. While there is often much discussion regarding the elderly and do not resuscitate orders, there are often times when the decisions for health care of a child may be overlooked. Some of the legal issues that may be faced by healthcare professionals are informed consent, confidentiality, reproductive services and child abuse. Patients have the right to decide what is done to their own bodies, but for children under eighteen, their parents decide for them. A major issue faced by healthcare professionals is parental refusal for treatment. Healthcare providers will be faced with many conflicting ethical and legal situations regarding refusal of a minor’s healthcare and treatment. These issues

“The extent of preventable prenatal “environmental” causes of mental retardation, learning disorders, psychological maladjustment and cerebral palsy remain unknown”(hook,4)” Monitoring, Birth Defects and Environment” is a book written by Ernest B. Hook, Dwight T. Janerich, and Ian H. Porter, discussing problems within the surveillance detections. It also gives readers an understanding of what monitoring systems exist in the world today. By developing new scientific monitoring systems, the option of early detections for conditions such as autism are available to the carrying parent. Over the last century we have seen women and the functions that go along with a woman’s body are medicalized. Throughout this paper, topics such as pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause, will be covered. All three of these topics are very important due to the fact all have been medicalized and have accumulatively brought in billions of dollars to pharmaceutical companies, doctors, and scientists. Of course this is not always a negative issue. Doctors have saved many lives during pregnancy and childbirth. Scientists have developed many new vaccines, drugs, and prevention monitoring. All of which have saved lives. There are positive and negative aspects when discussing the medicalization of a woman’s body, and this paper will focus mainly on the positive. The best way to understand why the world has felt the need to medicalize women is to discover all of the diseases and issues that can occur during

It’s an ordinary day, you wake up and glance out the window. The streets are gorged with the homeless men, women and children. People are attempting to travel down the streets but are packed like sardines. Multitude of criminals are infatuated with the never ending crimes that they’re monstrous hands get to commit. Not a single smile runs on the faces of the joyless people. The world as you know it, is gone. Today’s society is quickly becoming dismal. Men and women are reproducing offspring without even thinking about what they are doing by bringing a human being into the world. They are potentially introducing them to the constant hopeless of what is to come. We as educated people can no longer let this proceed. I propose we limit these conflicts by forced sterilization if you do not have at least the average IQ score of 90.