Sternocleidomastoid

Breathing begins with a curved muscle underneath of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you inhale the diaphragm decreases in size. When it decreases in size it evens out and pulls downward. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing. This movement makes the space that the lungs are in to get bigger. This enlarges space then draws air into the

This study demonstrated that thoracolumbar manipulation and diaphragm release technique applied to anatomical attachment areas of the diaphragm had a beneficial effect on diaphragm strength. Subjects in the treatment group, who received diaphragm release directly to the lower part of the chest just at the last four ribs on both sides then followed by manipulation techniques to thoracolumbar junction (lower thoracic/upper lumbar vertebra T12-L1). The thumb was placed underneath the both hemi-diaphragm just below the xiphoid process of the sternum and the rest of the fingers over the rib cage at rib 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and abdominal diaphragm which are demonstrated in abdominal breathing increasing in the harmony movements in relation to the chest movement of the breathing pattern. Prior to the applying the diaphragm technique all the participants were evaluated from breathing and chest movement point of view; most of them were upper chest breather and this is an indication of diaphragm

During inspiration, the diaphragm and the surrounding muscles contract. The diaphragm moves down increasing the volume of the chest cavity, and the surrounding muscles pull the rib up to allow further increase in volume. This increase of volume decreases the air pressure in the alveoli

The frequent use of accessory muscles can indicate a respiratory problem especially if the patient purses their lips and flare their nostrils when breathing (Publications, 2007).

Q5: In case abdominal muscles are weak, the erector spinae muscles can hyperextend lower back to correct back extension activities. Therefore, the abdominal muscles are weaker than the erector spinae because they tilt the pelvis forward improving the mechanical positioning of the erector spinae. Examples of affected exercises are like squat, military press and dead lifts of which can be corrected by the

Participants in this study performed two types of tasks: chest wall maneuvers and speech breathing activities. The chest wall tasks consisted of many different maneuvers, including isovolume, vital capacity, rib cage capacity, abdominal capacity, and relaxation maneuvers. Isovolume maneuvers were conducted, in which the participant displaced volume back and forth from the abdomen to the rib cage with a closed larynx. In vital capacity maneuvers, the participant inspired maximally from resting expiratory level then expired maximally. The minimum and maximum rib cage volumes during the vital capacity maneuver determined rib cage capacity maneuvers, and abdominal capacity maneuvers consisted of the range of abdominal volumes while the participant held their breath. Lastly, relaxation maneuvers were performed in which the participant completely relaxed the chest wall muscles while keeping their larynx closed. Speech breathing activities consisted of two measures: extemporaneous speech and reading speech. For the extemporaneous speech activity, the participant spoke 10 to 20 breath groups about the topic of his choice. For the reading speech activity, the participant read a 12-sentence

With this exercise, the stomach is pulled in as air is exhaled. Then chest expands on inhale,

This occurs when the the intercostal muscles contract and the thorax found in the ribs moves

* Breathe using the diaphragm. The ribs should expand outward, but he shoulders and upper chest should be still.

As we breathe in, the muscles in the chest wall force the thoracic area, ribs and connective muscles to contract and expand the chest. The diaphragm is contracted and moves down as the area inside the chest increases as air enters the lungs. The lungs are forced open by this expansion and the pressure inside the lungs becomes enough that it pulls

When performing the bench press, lowering the bar to your chest (down phase) this movement is considered an eccentric contraction. When lifting the bar off your chest (up phase) this movement is considered a concentric contraction. If we modify the exercise and we bring the weight down to the chest and hold this position, this fixed position of the bar is considered an isometric contraction. During the up phase, the pectoralis major is at its strongest because the muscle is contracted at its full potential, holding and maintaining the weight

Sometimes when a patient is on the more common form of mechanical ventilation for an extended time or if the patient has undergone respiratory failure, their respiratory muscles have a tendency to become weak. With the use of this biphasic cuirass ventilation method they can have the opportunity to build and strengthen those muscles which, in return, can allow them to be weaned from the ventilator

The main organs of the respiratory system are the lungs – they are the location where the gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. The lungs therefore expand when you breathe in, and retract when you breathe out. This is done through the diaphragm – a sheet of muscle that is positioned under the lungs. As one inhales, their diaphragm contracts and moves itself downward, increasing the space for your lungs to expand to. The ribs also move to enlarge the possible area the lungs can expand to. This pressure causes air to be sucked through the body to the lungs. When one exhales, the opposite takes place – the diaphragm moves upwards and returns to normal, allowing the process to happen again.

Shoulder flexion/extension; Elbow flexion and extension; Use of the lower and upper back. Muscles involved include the latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, trapezius, deltoids and the pectorals.

Next is the semitendiosus muscle with the point of origin at the ischial tuberorsity and insertion at the upper anterior medial surface of the tibia. The action of this muscle is extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee. The soleus is a muscle located near the ankle and foot. This muscle’s origin is the posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal 2/3 of the posterior tibial surface. The point of insertion is the posterior surface of the Achilles tendon. The intended action of this muscle is plantar flexion of the ankle. The final muscles come from the trunk and spinal column. Rectus abdominus has a point of origin at the superior surface of the pubis around syphysis and an insertion at the inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and the xiphoid process of the sternum. The intended action of this muscle is to depress the ribs and flex the vertebral column. Transverse abdominus is the next example. Its origin is the cartliges of the lower ribs, iliac crest, and lumbodorsal fascia. The point of insertion is the linea alba and pubis, and the intended