Stoutness In Pregnancy

Anything a mother consumes will affect her baby’s health, either positively or negatively. After the sperm enters into the egg, instantly, the baby begins to grow inside of the placenta, which is inside of the mothers’ uterus. “The placenta has been described as a pancake-shaped organ that attaches to the inside of the uterus and is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord.” As the placenta produces the hormones for the baby, it also supplies the blood to the fetus from the mother. The most important element that allows the fetus to grow is the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord is composed of three blood vessels that attach to the placenta and the fetus. All of these components help the baby’s growth, but the amniotic sac, which is composed of amniotic fluid, helps protect the fetus. The amniotic fluid helps the baby maintain a regular body temperature that

The first area to review is the previous weight of mothers at the time of their last menstruation. The weight of the mother prior to pregnancy provides insight to her previous health and the available calories the body has available prior to pregnancy. Proper weight gain during pregnancy is an important variable and for mothers who are already considered underweight weight gain is even more crucial for the baby. “The growing evidence of social and emotional problems for low birth weight children cannot be dismissed (Weiss, & et al., 2001).” Studies have shown that low birth weight impacts the child’s development over the years especially social and emotional growth of the child, including behavioral problems (Weiss, & et al., 2001).

The aim of this study is to examine the maternal and fetal risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes, stillbirth and other risks in relation to maternal obesity(1). It is clearly stated that the study was not original as it is claimed that previous studies that had been done were similar. Besides, there was no any obvious conflict of interest as the data was obtained directly from a validated database and no funding body was reported. Compare with previous studies, they had put into a broader context where they used a larger sample size that consists of 325,395 cases of completed singleton pregnancies to obtain a more confident quantification of the risks

None of the interaction effects of weight at birth and time are significant in the models, only the main effect, meaning that there is no catch-up growth, at least until the age of three years. Children born with low weight are, on average between 0.1 and 0.4 kg, heavier than children born with a very low weight and between 0.8 and 1.2 kg heavier than children born with an extremely low weight. The authors also reported this absence of a catching-up effect of the weight at birth in their study of preterm low birth weight infants. The models agreed on a significant negative effect of gestational age at birth in the growth curves, meaning that, from gestational week 40 up to three years, more premature children are heavier than less premature

Similarly, birth triggers a major transformation in nutritional pathways and metabolism of the newborn. At a time when nutritional needs are high (per unit body weight higher than at any other time after birth) the newborn must abruptly begin to swallow, digest, and absorb a variety of complex proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. No longer are readily available simple substrates provided by the mother via the placenta.

As we know, the cardiovascular system of the human body has a systemic circulatory route. Oxygenated blood is being carried away from the heart to the body, and also returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Oxygen and nutrients travel to our cells and the waste products such as urea and carbon dioxide are exchanged while blood is being circulated throughout the body. This helps to keep our body from becoming toxic. When a mother is pregnant, the exchange is a little different now. The fetus has its own route called the fetal circulatory route. Now, the fetus definitely has its own exchange of water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, other nutrients and oxygen from its mother. The exchange is not direct so this occurs only through the placenta

Many of the complications the baby is likely to face are linked to many topics and issues related to global health. When an unborn child is not getting proper nutrition and is not gaining the appropriate amount of weight, they are considered malnourished which results in them beginning stunted; this is measured has height-for-age. When a baby is stunted they fail to reach their physical growth, therefore, when a mother makes the decision to limit the food in her diet and over exercise she is choosing to negatively impact the growth of the baby during and after the pregnancy. Additionally, babies are more likely to be affected by communicable and non-communicable diseases once they are born. According to the National Institutes of Health, if the baby is considered under weight, they face a higher chance of getting infections and facing delayed motor and social

(17) developmetnal programming still remains poorly understood but there are a number of mechanisms by which it is thought to occur. Recent studies suggest there are genetic regulators that control nutrient sensing pathways, which ultimately controls nutrient transport to specific tissues in response to stressors. Placental hormones in the trophoblast are also though to be a likely contributor to the process of nutrient investment to specific tissues in response to environmental

Doctors long have been able to crudely predict a person’s future illness. By studying disease patterns, for example, they can say that heavy cigarette smokers have 10 times the risk of developing lung cancer as nonsmokers and that middle-aged men with high blood cholesterol levels have higher-than-normal risk of heart attacks. Geneticists also look at family medical pedigrees to determine the chances of children inheriting any of the 3,000 known genetic disorders.

This study is important, because when the “environment creates chemicals that work on the genetic code of our DNA” (Lecci, 2015, sec. 1.2). There has been studies that show that during prenatal, a child is vulnerable to the environmental effects that can create diseases for them later in their life. A method in which the genetic makeup has been altered is during “maternal smoking…DNA methylation changes” (Bauer, T., Trump, Ishaque, Thurmann, Gu, Bauer, M.,…Lehamann, 2016, para. 7). Genes can be altered not just by parents, but furthermore from past “environments of our ancestors” (Lecci, 2015, sec. 1.2). Epigenetics plays a role in personality, because if a child’s genes are altered, then they could be sickly or not able to connect with their parents based off their alterations to their genetic

Although technically independent of one another, like genetics, epigenetics can be greatly influenced and altered by external factors such as ones environment. For example, one study looked at the importance of nutrition in early life and its effects on the epigenome. Using families involved in the Dutch Hunger Winter and the Great Leap Forward in China, the study found that children exposed to famine in utero had DNA methylation changes in genes associated with birth weight and low-density lipoprotein. When followed up, years later, with a study of nutritional deprivation in mice, data showed that epigenetic changes not only affected the babies in utero, but also affected the next generation of mice.

Offspring may indirectly affect their parents’ health because parents might or might not be suffering from a health problem. In this scenario all that the offspring can do is provide their parents’ with the best possible care available. Offspring cannot influence the genes of the parents, but they can provide early treatment of their health problems. Treating a health problem at its early stages can help a person obtain more years in life. Highly educated offspring may also indirectly influence their parents’ to engage in healthier behaviors. As Morin (Morin 2014) raise the question of why do the parents of better-educated kids live longer? One reason explained that better-educated children influence their parents to adopt healthier lifestyles that will add years to their parents’ lives.

In addition to the regulatory role of the estrogen and progestin hormone, many growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors, have been shown to stimulate the differentiation and development of mammary epithelial cells. Insulin is important for estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin to stimulate the growth of mammary epithelial cells. The human placental lactogen is a placental protein hormone that has lactogenic effects that may facilitate mammogenesis and delay milk production until after delivery ( Attardo, 2008; Capuco& Akers, 2009; Geddes, 2007; Geddess et al,

There is an age-old adage that nature and nurture combine to control all aspects of an individual’s functioning, including risk for disease. Research over the past decade, in a still relatively new field called epigenetics, has provided a sophisticated understanding of how this occurs. A person’s “nature” is his or her genetic code, comprised of ~3 billion nucleotides (building block molecules) of DNA packaged within every cell in the body, including nerve cells or neurons. Nurture—representing all of one’s life exposures and experiences starting from a fertilized egg in utero through advanced aging—influences a person’s genetic potential by regulating the degree to which individual genes are expressed.

Furthermore, phenotypic adaptation falls into the category of people adapting to food. Phenotypic expressions of adaptation occur in the developmental stage; through differences between prenatal and postnatal environments, which can lead to diabetes and obesity in adulthood. In this case, the origins are limited to two or three generations as opposed to thousands of years of evolution as in genotypic—there is no change in biology of individuals. Maternal health, particularly under-nourished indicates a nutritionally restricted fetal environment; the fetus adapts to these conditions and increases its ability to store fat, preparing it for a postnatal environment similar to