Strategies for Translating and Interpreting Cultural Words Related to Ecology and Material Culture

First, all Newmark’s strategies used by the two Egyptian translators will be identified and counted, then the frequency of applying each translation strategy of Newmark’s strategies by each translator will be found out. However, the two translators’ tendency for applying domestication or foreignization strategies will be further investigated and determined as well to detect how each translator deals with cultural aspects and how they convey meaning from one culture to another one and this will answer the second and the third questions of this

A Translator achieves his goal of conveying meaning from source language to target language using equivalence . Translators consider translation process more deeper than exchanging lexical and grammatical terms , when the translator goes far away from nearest linguistic equivalence ,the problems of determining level of equivalence began to rise . As pragmatics studies why sentences are used and the context of utterance and surrounding environment of each sentence in the situation .

Imagine moving to a different country and not understanding the language and the not knowing how to ask for help? This would be difficult for anyone to experience. Individuals will most likely encounter someone that speaks a different language. Those that are trying to understand someone that has a different language can be difficult when they do not speak the language. Individuals will try to communicate in some way even if they do not know the language. Some of the ways that people will try to communicate is non-verbal communication or an interpreter. Communication barriers can cause difficulties in understanding someone’s language such as cultural differences. People should learn a different language because this will allow them to communicate with fewer problems. Intercultural language causes communication barriers.

Language in this film has significant importance. Since language is a system of complex communication of thoughts and ideas, it was necessary in understanding the intentions of the visitors. Without some form of complex communication between the species, misunderstandings and assumptions could have been made, causing harm to both parties.

Now let us examine the text and its translation in which it describe of all verbs, grammar and text critical notes. In general, text critical notes had minor relative to matters. For example, when we say heavens in (LXX) or your heaven in verse

Just as a language has given birth to all who speak it, so all human expression, all alien tongues that ever have been or will be spoken, must be contained in it, at least in the germ . . .There is no trait in any one language which is not at least latent in every other, though it may appear only in dialects, in the vocabularies of trades and callings, or in the chatter of the nursery. The possibility and the function of translating, its can-be, may-be and should-be, are based on this essential oneness of all languages, and on the command springing from that oneness that there shall be communication among all men. (Rosenzweig and Glatzer 254)

There are many different languages spoken across the world and thus, the possibility of misunderstanding is great. “It is important to appreciate that long with language, significant communication

A translation becomes a pacesetter for more general intercultural relationship. If it is seen from a translation as a semiotic activity, a translation does not only respond to transfer, but also can represent or describe the existence of materiality relationship. A text is transferred by paying attention to the place and time that allows the text values be changed though later the readers are not aware of any changes. The changes have been adapted or assimilated through the process of transfer and translation (Pym, 2010). Below is an example of transfer based on Pym

Language carries with it cultural coding. All experts, commentators and linguists are unanimous that without knowledge of the language the culture can never be appreciated. A cross cultural consultant will therefore have this insider knowledge not only through living and working in a country but also by using and understanding the language.

Domestication and foreignization came out to answer the question of how to bridge the gulf that had grown between the writer of the source-text which is written in a language that is very culture-bound and the target-text writer (Munday,2001). According to Venuti, domestication refers to “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home”, while foreignization refers to “an ethnodeviant pressure on those (cultural) values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad.” (Venuti 1995: 20) Generally speaking, domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997:59).

Burke 2007) Hence translation works is always dominated by ‘word-for-word’ translation, since translators can only understand and demonstrate the meaning of a word in the vocabulary known in the other language. Being reconstructed by totally different language structures, the meaning of every single word in a text can never be consistent with the translation. So in some donors’ view, translation is a form of loss, have great possibility in misunderstanding and misinterpret the original.

Cross- cultural communication usually happens when person from one culture sends a message to one person from different culture. The greater difference in participants’ culture background, the greater difference in comprehension‘s way it will shows. It is easy to understand that why does such phenomenon happens, because in a particular circumstance, we

There are almost 6000 languages being used across the world currently, mainly existing just in spoken platform. (Aitchison and Cobley, 2001) Also, each language has exhibited the realization of the basic culture. Moreover, barriers to communication that happen when people from different cultures joint venture that frequently makes people to misinterpret each other’s purposes and meaning in culture diversity circumstances, (O 'Connell, 1999). The high risk of misinterpret is an issues that is the essential of cross-culture communication. Miscommunication and misunderstandings happened, due to people from different education, experience, and trainings have different techniques of sending and receiving messages. Miscommunication happened when it has a mismatch among the speaker intends to speak the things them demands, and how to make the hearer understand them, (Coupland, Giles and Wiemann, 1991). This essay will identify many types of the important factors that UK managers should consider and learn foreign culture and foreign languages, if they need to invest or operate in foreign countries or operating with foreigner.

The second half of the last century have seen a great advance in translation field ( translation studies discipline ). Which make many translation scholars emphasis on the importantce of knowing the translation theory for the translators since the translation studies become a discipline.Mona Baker stats”

Cultural difference was used to be seen as an impassable gap between intercultural communications, but that was when people from various cultures didn’t get the chance to communicate. With the development of internet and transportation, people have become closer to each other and known better about other people’s cultures. Nowadays, culture has been even seen as a way to solve problems in the process of translation. Translators combine their linguistic strategies with cultural knowledge in translating and offer readers a chance to feel the foreignness with their mother language. This essay is going to talk about how translation problems are solved with the help of cultural awareness, and a case study will be done later