Strengths And Weaknesses Of Participatory Planning

Principles in community development are used to achieve overall goals and achieve results (Checkoway 1995). Jim Ife has identified 32 principles of community development that are seen as critical components and can be useful to develop a framework for evaluating community development (Ife 2016). Many of Jim Ife’s principles are being acted upon in this case study such as Addressing disadvantage and inequality, linking the global and the local, valuing local processes, valuing local skills and relationship and dialogue.

Tourism has several impacts on many different aspects of Bali’s society. Tourism has impacted on the already existing, social, economic, cultural and environmental processes of the island. For example, as a result of tourism the pace of urbanisation has rapid increased and tourism has sped up the process of economic development.

The community identified its priority health needs by doing Community Health Status Assessment(CHSA). The aim of this was to obtain feedback from residents regarding their health status, access to healthcare and their perception of community services. The study included residents of Atlantic County and surrounding areas in Camden and Cape May counties that are serviced by Atlantic County hospitals in2002. The first research component was a secondary data collection. This secondary data profile contained health and wellness statistics collected from New Jersey, the Department of Health and Senior Services NJDHSS, CDC, and U.S. Census Bureau data. The profile identified the health status of area residents compared to those in other parts of the state and the nation. The same data profile was used in the

Many people think of the big picture - but only that. They dream of a grandiose fantasy where change takes place globally and all at once. Unfortunately, that is not the case. Significant change begins on a local level and can take years of development. However, with continued support, these changes, such as the United Nations's Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs, can grow to monumental proportions that are integral to our future survival. Developments in quality of education, gender equality, renewable energy, and climate change reversal all lead to this ideal future that we all aim to achieve - a future that is bright, just, and sparkling.

Especially related to educational achievement, citizens must prevent and be cognizant of personal prejudice and stereotyping, in addition to raising awareness of racist policies and institutionalized predispositions against minorities. While it is difficult for one citizen to make a difference, an individual can address inequalities by participating in governmental events such as town hall meetings, conventions, and most importantly voting for political parties that prioritize helping minority communities and the impoverished. Additionally, with the right to speak freely, a democratic citizen can organize with others to raise awareness and influence the government to support their agenda of lowering the achievement gap. Lastly, a true democratic citizen will act for the common good, volunteering for students and families in need of support to make a helpful impact in the community instead of waiting for government action. Though unable to completely influence a democracy alone, individual citizens have many avenues to implement change through awareness, political participation, and community

Young (1990) emphasizes how corporations have considerable control over the city government currently, but the government should make it a goal and priority to listen to the voices of residents, too. This ties into prioritizing social impact, in addition to economic impact. Although partnering with corporations can economically benefit the city, it also comes at a social cost that oftentimes mostly impacts the most marginalized. Aronstein (1969) developed “a ladder of citizen participation,” which emphasizes the need for citizen power in citizen participation, and not just tokenization. Under tokenization, citizens may participate, but “they lack the power to insure that their views will be heeded by the powerful.” Instead, citizens should have actual power in policy decision-making. These levels of citizen power include partnerships, which “enables them to negotiate and engage in trade-offs with traditional power holders,” as well as delegated power and citizen control, which allow “have-not citizens [to] obtain the majority of decision-making seats, or full managerial power.” Full citizen control may be too radical and is most likely not necessary, but allowing citizens have more power than they do currently by working in partnership with them is a reasonable goal for the city government to aim for. This will

Arnstein discusses the level of participation from the standpoint of the recipients. She lays emphasis on how redistribution of power and enabling environment are vital in enabling citizen’s participation and that “without redistribution of power, it is an empty and frustrating process for the powerless”. In her typology, she outlines eight rungs of a ladder; they being: citizen control, delegated power, partnership, consultation, informing, placation, therapy and manipulation. According to her, citizen control and delegated power is about giving away decision-making, resources and control where there is clear lines of accountability and two-way communication between those giving away power.

Ayrshire Equality Partnership got together three local authorities and their services to link their efforts and minimalize inequality in the area. They aim to develop a number of community initiatives for long-term positive change, build knowledge and skills to increase participation in the life of local community. They also want to increase social interaction within communities. Participatory budgeting could be yet another example how social capital can be utilised. The idea encourage local groups to advertised their work and efforts, encourage more people to participate, build relationship with other groups in order to receive public votes and get the additional funding. It encourages local people to have their say where the public money should be spent and indirectly address local needs.

Millions of people go up and down its steps, some of them knowing their past, others taking pictures in it while knowing little of the cultural importance. The landscape itself is a city, and should not be forgotten. A city welcomes people, and allows for many cultures to be living together in one location. In the case of Teotihuacan, it is not enough to debate who owns it, the debate should entertain ways people could work together to conserve the site, and allow everyone to have a similar knowledge of what each step means. The indigenous should not be pushed away, and the tourists should still be encouraged to visit. After all, the indigenous economy also depends on tourist activity, and the sale of their art and work to a curious other. Much like this symbiosis on the grounds of the site, the cooperation of all parties should be promoted on a facilitative level. The government knows the ins and outs of efficiently running the tourist site, yet the indigenous have alternative knowledge to offer the visitors. Whether their participation comes in the form of workshops, culturally immersive tours or seats at the administrative table, the indigenous should be welcomed into playing a more active role in the tourism that takes place at Teotihuacan, to ensure the wellbeing of the site. The tourist still seeks what is authentic, and the actions taken by the indigenous will allow for Teotihuacan to once again be transformed

Community engagement is an important way in which open areas can be used. The process can be used to collaborate with individuals and groups to improve their local environment. Public participation would allow the population to involve their local areas in the ongoing projects for planning and design of open areas and green spaces. This process would increase the sense of belonging in the residents and more importantly would also incorporate the solutions to the problems specific in the area.

Admittedly, it is important to have an effective government for the growth and development of a nation. Equally, it is important to maintain a democratic government. While there are different ways of understanding what constitutes a democratic government, in public administration, democratic government can be viewed as a government that is responsive to the perspectives of its citizens and exhibit responsibility to the citizens. This can be promoted by the public institutions and public administrators (King, Feltey, & Susel, 1998). They can use various processes to ensure a democratic government including collaborative governance, decision making, citizen participation, administrative reforms, and budgeting. This paper seeks to discuss and analyze the efforts that the public organizations and the public administrators can make with regards to collaborative governance, citizen participation, and decision making to maintain a democratic government.

Policy and planning directly related, despite being completely different types of processes, they both confront the same issues, that being the overall future development of a destination. This essay reflects on policy and planning in the tourism industry. Beginning with the purpose of tourism policy, underlining why policy and planning is important, how it is utilized, and finally the benefits to tourism development. Utilizing examples from Kenya, United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Croatia to further illustrate why tourism policies and planning are necessary in destinations.

The Travel and Tourism industry is still one of the largest single businesses in world commerce and its importance is widely recognized. The tourism industry is now one of the largest sectors earning foreign exchange. In the face of many benefits, many countries have started assigning due weight age to the tourism industry in their national development agenda. Tourism is an industry that operates on a massively broad scale: it embraces activities ranging from the smallest sea-side hotel; to air-lines, multi-national hotel chains and major international tour operators. Originally, non-traditional industries such as tourism emerged as a solution to strike a balance between ecology and industry

A definition of participation: for the purposes of this note a useful definition of public or community participation is that adopted by Stoker (1997) for ‘political participation’ (following Parry et al, 1992): members of the public ‘taking part in any of the processes of formulation, passage and implementation of public policies’. This is a wide-ranging definition, which extends the emphasis of public participation beyond the development of policy, to decision-making and implementation.

Planning and development are both extremely important factors within the tourism industry and can have both positive and negative effects on the environment, local communities and tourist destinations. “Destination planning aims to limit the negative impacts of cultural tourism upon the history and lifestyles of the local community. An understanding of sustainable tourist development allows for the development of culture without loss of its authentic identity” (Maidment. T. 2012). This statement discusses the importance of planning to avoid having any negative impacts on environments and communities. Because the effects of tourism are so severe to destinations, many natural and cultural resources have been destroyed, therefore tourism planning is vital to preserve and maintain these places for future generations.